1. The Cell Cycle Chapter 9 pages 203 - 220 Created by C. Ippolito
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

2. Chapter 9 Sections 1 through 3 pages 203 - 208
The Life of a Cell
Chapter 9
Sections 1 through 3
pages
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

3. Cell Cycle Describes the “life” history of a cell How it grows
How it carries out its functions
How it produces replacement cells
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August 2004

4. Cell Cycle The cycle can focus on: the cell’s activities
the activities of the nucleus of the cell
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5. Cell Cycle Diagram Created by C. Ippolito Updated March 2006
August 2004

6. Life Cycle Focus Consists of FOUR (4) basic stages.
G1 Stage - cell grows, forms organelles, carries out its function. (G0 - special stage of cells with special jobs that do not divide)
S Stage - cell prepares for division by synthesis of materials (DNA replication) needed for new cells.
G2 Stage - cell grows producing proteins needed for cell division.
M Stage - cell divides to form 2 identical daughter cells.
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

7. Nuclear Cycle Focus Consists of FIVE (5) basic stages.
Prophase - prepare nucleus and chromosomes for division.
Metaphase - separate duplicate copies of chromosomes
Anaphase - move of duplicate chromosomes to opposite sides of cell.
Telophase - separate “old” cell into two smaller cells.
Interphase - “inactivity” between divisions.
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

8. Mitosis
Is the nuclear division in which duplicate chromosomes form two identical nuclei from one nucleus.
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9. Control of Cell Cycle
The accumulation of trigger proteins initiate cell division
factors influencing the trigger proteins
hormones
cell size
cell placement in tissue
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10. Complete Check and Challenge on page 208
Homework
Complete Check and Challenge on page 208
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

11. Chapter 9 Sections 4 through 8 pages 208 - 214
DNA Replication
Chapter 9
Sections 4 through 8
pages
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

12. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Forms hereditary material
Made from DNA nucleotides
Is a double helix
Is found only in the nucleus
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August 2004

13. DNA Nucleotide Sugar is deoxyribose Phosphate group
Four different nitrogen bases:
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Guanine pairs with Cytosine
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14. Adenine Subunit
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15. Guanine Subunit
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16. Thymine Subunit
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17. Cytosine Subunit
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18. Base Pairing Remember in forming the double helix
the bases A and T always combine
the bases G and C always combine
their shape insures this occurs
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19. DNA Replication
This concept of “base pairing” allows the DNA molecule to make exact copies of itself.
Replication!!!!!
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Created by C. Ippolito
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20. DNA Unzips a special enzyme opens the double helix
This will allow exposed bases to be matched forming new “sides”
The enzyme slowly proceeds down the middle of the DNA molecule
It does this by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds between bases
until the DNA molecule is completed opened
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Created by C. Ippolito
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21. DNA Polymerase
The enzyme positions them opposite the proper base to form new base pairs
Nucleotides from cell storage area are brought in by enzymes
Each strand is half new and half old DNA
new hydrogen bonds form between the bases
Resulting in two identical strands of DNA
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

22. Chapter 9 Sections 8 and 9 pages 214 - 219
Animal Mitosis
Chapter 9
Sections 8 and 9
pages
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

23. Animal Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
 nuclear membrane
Two identical daughter cells
 nucleolus
centriole
 chromatin
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24. Early Prophase nuclear envelope and nucleoli begin to disappear
chromatin condenses to form “doubled” chromosomes
centrioles migrate to opposite poles
spindle fibers form between the centrioles
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25. Late Prophase nuclear membrane and nucleolus are gone
centriole have formed asters at the poles
spindle from each pole attaches to centromere of each chromosome
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26. Animal Prophase cell membrane chromatin Created by C. Ippolito
Updated March 2006
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August 2004

27. Prophase nuclear envelope disappears spindle fibers form
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
spindle fibers form
centrioles migrate
nucleolus disappears
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28. Metaphase chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
centromeres break separating each chromosome into chromatids
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29. Animal Metaphase centriole chromosome spindle fibers
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30. Metaphase chromosome line up at equator
centromeres split to separate daughter chromosomes
chromosome line up at equator
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31. Anaphase spindle guides chromatids to the poles
cell membrane begins to pinch in to begin to form cleavage furrow
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32. Animal Anaphase chromsome spindle centriole Created by C. Ippolito
Updated March 2006
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August 2004

33. Anaphase daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles
Pinching forms a cleavage furrow to separate cytoplasm
cell membrane starts to pinch in
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August 2004

34. Telophase cleavage furrow separates cytoplasm into 2 cells
nuclear membrane and nucleoli reappear
chromatids unwind to reform chromatin
spindle fibers disappear
centrioles reform centrosome
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August 2004

35. Animal Telophase chromatin cleavage furrow Created by C. Ippolito
Updated March 2006
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36. Telophase Two identical daughter cells are formed
Chromosomes unwind to reform chromatin
spindle fibers disappear
cleavage furrow continues to pinch in
nuclear membrane & nucleolus reappear
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Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

37. No Centrioles, No Asters, and Cell Plate
Plant Mitosis
No Centrioles, No Asters, and Cell Plate
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38. Prophase nuclear envelope and nucleoli begin to disappear
chromatin condenses to form “doubled” chromosomes
spindle fibers appear in the cytoplasm
spindle attaches to centromeres of chromosomes
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

39. Prophase
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August 2004

40. Metaphase chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
centromeres break separating each chromosome into chromatids
chromatids are also known as daughter chromosomes
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August 2004

41. Metaphase
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42. Anaphase spindle contracts to guide chromatids to the poles
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43. Telophase
cell plate forms at equator to separate cytoplasm into 2 cells
nuclear membrane and nucleoli reappear
spindle fibers disappear
chromatids unwind to reform chromatin
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

44. Telophase
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August 2004

45. Meiosis
Special cell division to produce gametes with haploid (n) chromosome Number
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August 2004

46. Meiosis
Is a process in which the original cell undergoes TWO divisions to produce FOUR cells with half of the original chromosome number.
Main distinction from mitosis seen in metaphase I because chromsomes line up as pairs
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

47. Interphase Start with a 2n = 4 During interphase chromosomes double.
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48. Prophase
Synapsis occurs, the chromosomes “pair” to form tetrads - a group of 4 chromatids
Tetrad 
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49. Crossing Over During synapsis pieces of chromosomes can switch places
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50. Metaphase The homologous pairs line up at equator
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51. End of First Division Chromosome pairs are separated
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52. Second Division
Separates chromatids to form 4 cells with half the original number of chromosomes
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53. Meiosis I First division of meiosis
homologous pairs line up in process of synapsis
crossing over may occur
homologous pairs separate
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August 2004

54. Meiosis II Interkinesis - DNA not replicated Chromatids separate
reduction division results in 4 haploid cells
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August 2004

55. Meiosis Vs Mitosis Created by C. Ippolito Updated March 2006
August 2004

56. Gametogenesis Specialized forms of meiosis to from sex cells.
Spermatogenesis - meiosis to form male sex cells, sperm, occurs in testis. 4 sex cells formed from each primary sex cell
Oogenesis - meiosis to form female sex cells, ova, occurs in ovaries. 1 large sex cell formed from each primary sex cell.
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004

57. Spermatogenesis - produces 4 sperm cells.
Spermiogenesis - spermatids change form
Oogenesis - produces 1 ootid and 2 polar bodies
Updated March 2006
Created by C. Ippolito
August 2004