1. Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections

2. Prepositions
Prepositions begin prepositional phrases. A phrase ends with a noun called the object of the preposition. The phrase shows a relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence.
A prepositional phrase is not needed in a sentence. You can remove it, and the sentence will still be complete.

3. Common Prepositions about behind for over above below from past across
beneath in
through
after
beside
inside to
against
between
into
toward
along
beyond
like
under
among by
near
until
around
despite of Up As
down
off
with at
during on
within
before
except
out
without

4. Be Careful
Never end a sentence with a preposition. This is called a dangling preposition. In order to be used properly, a preposition must have an object, therefore a preposition cannot be the last word of a sentence.
***** There is one exception. Some prepositions are also adverbs. If the word is being used as an adverb to tell - How? When? Where? To what extent? - it can end the sentence.
For example: The sun shone above.
“Above” tells “where the sun was,” therefore, it is an adverb and does not need an object.

5. Example Prepositional Phrases
The girl with the long brown hair sits near the windows.
Prep. Phrase 1- with the long brown hair
Prep. = with
O.P. = hair
Prep. Phrase 2 – near the windows
Prep. = near
O.P. = windows

6. Example Prepositional Phrase
In the darkness of the night, a cold, creepy hand grazed my face.
Prep. Phrase 1 – In the darkness
Prep. = In
O.P. = darkness
Prep. Phrase 2 – of the night
Prep. = of
O.P. = night

7. Adjective Prepositional Phrase
Adjective prepositional phrases are prepositional phrases that function like adjectives. They describe nouns and pronouns.
They answer the questions: Which One? What Kind? How Many? How Much?

8. Example Adjective Prepositional Phrase
I drank tea with sugar and honey for breakfast.
Adj. Prep. Phrase - with sugar and honey
Prep. = with
O.P. = sugar and honey (compound O.P.)
This phrase describes “what kind of tea,” therefore, it is an adjective prepositional phrase.

9. Adverb Prepositional Phrase
Adverb prepositional phrases are prepositional phrases that function like adverbs. They describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
They answer the questions: How? When? Where? Why? How Often? How Long?

10. Example Adverb Prepositional Phrase
The student closed the book with a clatter.
Adverb Prep. Phrase – with a clatter
Prep. = with
O.P. = clatter
This phrase describes “how the book was closed,” therefore, it is an adverb prepositional phrase.

11. Coordinating Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words.
And
But Or
Yet So
For
Nor

12. Correlative Conjunctions You must use correlative conjunction in their pair groups. If you use “not only” you have to use “but also” later in the sentence, etc.
Not only
Both
Neither
Either
Whether
But Also
And
Nor Or

13. Rules for Conjunctions and Commas
If the list has only two items, do not use a comma.
For example: Rick and Steve made a snowman.
If the list has more than two items, use commas between each item, but not after the last item.
For example: Rick, Steve, and George made a snowman.
If you are joining two sentence, you must use a comma before the conjunction.
For example: Rick and Steve made a snowman, and George was jealous.

14. Example Conjunction Joining Words
Sheila, Suzy, and Shannon ran, jumped, and fell over the fence.
“And” joins Sheila to Suzy and Shannon (nouns).
“And” joins ran to jumped and fell (verbs).

15. Example Conjunction Joining Groups of Words
After recess but before the end of the day we need to put together the Wednesday folders.
“But” joins the prepositional phrases “after recess” and “before the end”.
They brushed their teeth, and then they went to bed.
“And” connects the two complete sentences: They brushed their teeth. Then they went to bed.

16. Interjections Interjections are words that are used to show emotion.
An interjection has an exclamation point or comma after it. The interjection can stand alone; it does not need to be in a complete sentence. Although a complete sentence usually follows it.

17. Example Interjections
Wow! That is a big dog!
Aha! I caught you!
Oops! I didn’t mean to do that.
Ouch! That hurt!
Well, that’s a wrap!
Oh, one more example won’t hurt.