1. Reform:
Make changes in a social, political, or economic institution or practice in order to improve it

2. I. Religion Revival Second Great Awakening
Preachers: Speak, pray, sing, shout, etc.
Utopias
Communities based on a vision of a perfect society
EX: Mormons

3. C. Why?
CT minister Lyman Beecher = leader of movement
Protect society from “rum-selling, tipping folk, infidels, & ruff scuff.”
Temperance Movement = persuaded Maine to outlaw alcohol

4. II. Education Led by Mass. Lawyer Horace Mann
Edu. = key to wealth & economic opportunity
Founded first “normal school” in 1839 = a school for training high school graduates to become teachers

5. III. Disabilities Thomas Gallaudet
Developed method to teach those with hearing impairments
Hartford School for the Deaf in Connecticut in 1817
Samuel Gridley Howe
Helped those with vision impairments
Printed books with alphabet created by Louis Braille
Dorothea Dix
Schoolteacher visited prisons in 1841
Life works = educate the public about poor prison conditions & prisoners with mental illness

6. IV. Culture
Literature
Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau = relationships between humans and nature & individual conscience
Transcendentalism
Inner voice, conscienceless, civil disobedience

7. Brahma: Ralph Waldo Emerson
They reckon ill who leave me out; 
When me they fly, I am the wings; 
I am the doubter and the doubt, 
I am the hymn the Brahmin sings. 
If the red slayer think he slays, 
Or if the slain think he is slain, 
They know not well the subtle ways 
I keep, and pass, and turn again. 
Far or forgot to me is near; 
Shadow and sunlight are the same; 
The vanished gods to me appear; 
And one to me are shame and fame. 
The strong gods pine for my abode, 
And pine in vain the sacred Seven; 
But thou, meek lover of the good! 
Find me, and turn thy back on heaven. 

8. Poetry
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow = Song of Hiawatha
Walt Whitman = Leaves of Grass
Emily Dickinson = hundreds of simply/personal poems celebrating the natural world

9. Emily Dickenson: Wild Nights - Wild Nights!
Were I with thee
Wild nights should be
Our luxury!
Futile - the winds -
To a Heart in port -
Done with the Compass -
Done with the Chart!
Rowing in Eden -
Ah - the Sea!
Might I but moor - tonight -
In thee!

10. Emily Dickenson: I felt a Funeral, in my Brain
And then I heard them lift a Box
And creak across my Soul
With those same Boots of Lead, again,
Then Space - began to toll,
I felt a Funeral, in my Brain,
And Mourners to and fro
Kept treading - treading - till it seemed
That Sense was breaking through -
And then a Plank in Reason, broke,
And I dropped down, and down -
And hit a World, at every plunge,
And Finished knowing - then -
And when they all were seated,
A Service, like a Drum -
Kept beating - beating - till I thought
My mind was going numb -
As all the Heavens were a Bell,
And Being, but an Ear,
And I, and Silence, some strange Race,
Wrecked, solitary, here -

11. Art Landscape painters
Hudson River School = scenes of the Hudson River Valley
Printmakers = Nathaniel Currier & James Merritt Ives