1. Circulatory System Disorders
Section 12.3
Circulatory System Disorders

2. Learning Goal
For students to learn more about different disorders that affect the circulatory system and various methods of treatment to help resolve the disease

3. Arteriosclerosis
Is a general term that is used to describe several different conditions where the walls of the arteries thicken and lose their elastic properties, thus becoming harder
The MOST common type of Arteriosclerosis is called Atherosclerosis
Occurs when plaque (made of fatty deposits, cholesterol, calcium, and fibrous tissue) build up on the inside of the artery walls

5.
Atherosclerosis
As the artery narrows because of the build-up, blood flow is decreased and blood pressure increases
Plaque is VERY Dangerous if inside arteries that supply the heart, brain, legs, and kidneys
Depending on WHERE plaque builds up, someone can experience Angina (Chest Pain), blood clots, shortness of breath, heart attack, or heart failure

6. Atherosclerosis
More than 90% of heart attacks are due to Atherosclerosis
A healthy lifestyle full of exercise, NOT smoking, eating a diet low in saturated fat and high in fruits and vegetables can help reduce the risk of developing this condition

7. Atherosclerosis
When lifestyle choices aren’t enough to combat the effects of atherosclerosis, medical intervention is necessary
Medications
Aspirin prevents platelets from sticking together = reducing formation of clots

8. Atherosclerosis Surgical – Angioplasty
Surgeons insert a tube into a clogged artery
When the tube reaches the specific area clogged, a tiny balloon is inflated to force the artery open
Sometimes a wire-mesh tube called a stent is inserted into the clogged area to reduce the chances of it reoccurring

9. Atherosclerosis Surgical – Coronary Bypass
Sometimes surgeons reroute the flow of blood rather than trying to unblock blood vessels
They take a part of a healthy artery or vein for another part of the body(leg) and use it to create a new pathway for blood to flow around the blockage
Depending on the number of blockages, someone can have a single, double, triple, or quadruple bypass

10. Aneurysm
Arteries have thick walls that allow them to withstand pressure
Unfortunately under certain stressors the artery walls can become damaged
An Aneurysm is a bulge in an artery due to a weakened area of the arterial wall or heart muscle
Blood pressure causes the aneurysm to grow larger over time, which increases the risk of bursting

11. Aneurysm
If the aneurysm bursts, the is internal bleeding that can quickly lead to death
Most aneurysms occur in the aorta, but can happen in other arteries of the body as well
If caught quick enough, aneurysms can be treated surgically by removing the damaged blood vessel, clipping it, and replaced with a patch or graft made of Teflon

12. Heart Valve Diseases
As the heart muscle contracts and relaxes, the valves open and close to allow blood to flow into the ventricles and out to the rest of the body
There are a few conditions that can affect how well the valves work

13. Bicuspid Valve Prolapse
Heart Valve Diseases
Name of Disease
Effects on the body
Regurgitation
Valves do not close fully
Blood flows BACKWARD instead of forward through the valve
Can happen at the same time as Stenosis and affect more than 1 valve
Treatment = surgeons may repair / replace the diseased valve
Stenosis
Valve opening becomes narrowed from thickening or scarring, inhibiting blood flow out of the ventricles or atria
Can happen at the same time as Regurgitation and affect more than 1 valve
Bicuspid Valve Prolapse
Where 1 or BOTH of the bicuspid valves flaps bulge back into the atrium, preventing the valve from making a tight seal

14. Congenital Heart Defects
Some people have heart diseases that have been present since birth
Congenital heart defects include
Problems in the walls dividing the chambers of the heart and in valves
In the structure of blood vessels near the heart
Heart Murmur - abnormalities in blood flow through the heart
Often valve defects can be detected when a doctor listens with a Stethoscope

15. Stroke
When arteries supply blood to the brain are damaged, cutting off the flow of oxygen and nutrients to brain tissue = stroke
An Ischemic Stroke = occurs in a blood vessel that blocks the flow of blood to the brain
A Hemorrhagic Stroke = occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts and blood flows into the surrounding brain tissue
Both types kill brain cells, and the longer the brain tissues go without blood supply of oxygen, the greater the chances of permanent damage there is

17. Diagnosing Circulatory Disorders
There are many advancements and uses of technology to identify and diagnose someone with a circulatory system disorder – which include:
Chest X-rays (x-ray photo of chest)
Angiography (injecting a liquid dye into arteries + X-ray)
Cardiac Catheterization (insert catheter into heart that reaches blood vessels to check for blockages)
Electrocardiogram (ECG) (see previous notes)

18. Disorders of the Blood Hemophilia Anemia Leukemia
Inherited blood disorder
Where blood does not clot properly
High risk of internal bleeding from a minor injury
Occurs when the blood has less than normal amounts of RBC
Due to blood loss
Or when not enough Hemoglobin found in RBC
Cancer of WBC (2 types)
Myeloid Leukemia - when too many immature lymphocytes are in the body and unable to fight infections
Lymphoid Leukemia – cancer of the actual lymphocytes, where not enough to fight infections
Treatment includes blood transfusions or bone marrow transplants

20. Organ Transplants
The demand for transplant organs in Canada far exceeds the supply, and many people die before a suitable organ becomes available
One way to increase the supply of organs is to use Xenotransplantation – where one transplants cells, tissues, and organs from one species (like animal tissues) to another species

21. Organ Transplants
The use of Artificial Hearts is also a way to help address the demand for needy patients
A recent model made of titanium and plastic has been used as a temporary replacement for patients awaiting a human heart transplant

22. STSE: Exploring Nanotechnology
Read pg. 502
Complete the STSE Activity and answer questions in the “Connect to Technology” section
Hand in you work in a formal write up to be assessed

23. Next Class … Dissection