1. SNC2D Exam Review

2. Chemistry 1. Chemical vs. Physical Change/Properties 2. Gas Tests
3. Lab Safety/ Equipment
4. The Atom (subatomic particles – electrons/protons/neutrons)
5. Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams 6. Ions 7. Lewis Dot Diagrams for Ionic and Molecular compounds 8. Structural Diagrams for Ionic and Molecular compounds
9. Naming ionic compounds (binary, polyvalent, polyatomic) Naming molecular compounds (mono, di, tri etc)
11. Lab: characteristics of ionic and molecular compounds
12. Word Equations
13. The Law of Conservation of Mass
14. Counting Atoms 15. Balancing Chemical Equations Types of Reactions (S, D, SD, DD, C)
17. Acids/Bases (characteristics and naming)

3. Chemical vs. Physical Change
Chemical Change
Physical Change
Something “new”
Changes at the molecular level
Indicators:
Colour change
Bubbling without heat
Precipitate
Ex: rusting nail, burning paper
Nothing “new”
Still the same at the molecular level
Sometimes just a change of state
Ex. ripping paper, melting ice

4. Gas Tests Example of using chemical change Gas Positive Test
Carbon dioxide
Flaming splint went out
Oxygen
Glowing splint “re-lit”
Hydrogen
POP!

5. The Atom Protons/Neutrons in the nucleus
Electrons orbit in energy levels/rings

6. Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams
Draw a Bohr-Rutherford
Diagram for sodium

7. Ions
Cations/Anions
Draw sodium ION
Draw chlorine ION

8. Lewis Dot Diagrams
Only the valence electrons and the element symbol are used (remember the quick way to find valence electrons?)
Draw a Lewis Dot diagram for:
Na2O (ionic)
CO2 (molecular)

9. Structural Diagrams
For Ionic: Na2O
For Molecular: CO2

10. Naming Ionic Compounds
Binary:
Polyvalent:
Polyatomic:

11. Naming Molecular Compounds
Mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa
Do not use “mono” on the first element
Eg. CO2
Eg. Carbon monoxide

12. Characteristics of Ionic and Molecular Compounds
Solubility
Soluble
Insoluble
Conductivity
Conducts
Does not conduct
Appearance
Jagged edges/crystal-like
Smooth edges
Melting point
High melting point
Low melting point
Electrons shared/transferred
Transferred
Shared
Metals/nonmetals
Two nonmetals

13. Word Equations
Reactant + reactant -- product + product  Means “to produce” or “yield”

14. The Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass of reactants = mass of products

15. Counting Atoms/ Balancing Equations
Try it:

16. Types of Reactions

17. Acids/Bases Naming Acids: Naming Bases: Characteristics HF H2CO3 NaOH
KOH
Characteristics

18. Optics 1. What is light? 2. How light is produced
3. Electromagnetic Spectrum
4. Law of Reflection
5. Regular/Diffuse Reflection
6. Plane Mirrors
7. Concave/Convex Mirrors
8. Refraction
9. Critical Angle/Total Internal Reflection
10. Converging/Diverging Lenses
11. The Human Eye

19. What is Light? Properties of Light: Light travels in straight line
Light is a wave that can travel through a vacuum
The speed of light in a vacuum is 300,000, 000 m/s (3.0 x 108 m/s)
Travels by means of radiation - we called it electromagnetic radiation

20. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms of a stream of photons
Each photon is traveling in a wave-like pattern, moving at the speed of light and carrying some amount of energy

21. The Difference Between Luminous and Non-luminous:
Luminous: Objects that produce light
Non-luminous: Objects that reflect light
Sun
Fire
Lava
Moon
Mirrors

22. How is light produced? Sources of Light Definition Examples
Incandescence
Produced by an object that is heated to a very high temperature
Light Bulb
Electric Discharge
Produced by electric current passing through the air
Lightning
Neon Lights
Phosphorescence
Is the ability to store the energy from a source of light and then emit it slowly over a long period of time
Glow-in-the-dark
Fluorescence
Is emitted by some substances when they are exposed to electromagnetic radiation
Chemiluminescence
Is light produced from a chemical reaction with little or not heat produced
Glow Sticks
Bioluminescence
Light produced from a chemical reaction by a living thing
Fireflies
Triboluminescence
Producing light from friction
Crushing lifesavers

23. Images in a plane mirror
Rules for finding an image in a plane mirror:
The distance from the object to the mirror is exactly the same as the distance from the image to the mirror
The object-image line is perpendicular to the mirror surface

24. Images in a Concave Mirror
Four Rules:
A ray travelling parallel to the principal axis will reflect through the focal point (parallel – through F)
A ray travelling through the focal point will reflect parallel to the principal axis
(through F – parallel)
A ray travelling through the centre of curvature will reflect upon itself
A ray travelling through the vertex (contact point) will follow the law of reflection
* The top of the object will be at the intersection of the rays in the image.
* The bottom of the object will be at the principal axis

25. Example:

26. Image Properties in a Concave/Converging Mirror
Just Discuss…. Don’t copy yet
Object
Image
Location
Size
Attitude
Type
Beyond C
Smaller
Inverted
Between C and F
Real
At C
Same size
Larger
At F
No clear image
Inside F
Upright
Behind mirror
virtual

27. Curved Mirrors
A ray travelling parallel to the principal axis will still reflect through the focal point but as an extension of the reflected ray (still parallel – F)
A ray travelling towards the mirror such that its extension would go through the focal point will reflect parallel to the principal axis (still F – parallel)
A ray travelling towards the mirror such that its extension would go through C and reflect upon itself.
A ray travelling towards the vertex will follow the laws of reflection. The extension of the reflected ray will intersect at the image.

29. Biology 1. Plant vs. Animal Cells 2. The Cell Cycle (& Mitosis)
3. Cancer
4. Stem Cells
5. The Animal Body – tissues
6. Digestive System
7. Circulatory System
8. Respiratory System

30. 1. Plant vs. Animal cells Cell theory
All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotic (no nucleus) vs. Eukaryotic (has nucleus)
Diagrams for plant and animal cells
Organelle functions for both cells (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, vacuoles, cell membrane, cell wall)

31. 2. The Cell Cycle (Mitosis)
Importance of cell division (reproduction, growth, repair)
Cell Cycle:

32. Mitosis PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
Prophase: chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope disappears, mitotic spindles migrate to poles
Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate
Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles (pulled by spindle fibres)
Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil
Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm, two daughter cells

34. 3. Cancer Definitions : Diagnosing cancer
Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth
Benign (lacks ability to metastasize) vs. Malignant
Diagnosing cancer
Treatments for cancer (chemotherapy, radiation, biophotonics)
Causes for cancer

35. 4. Stem Cells
Stem cell: A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues
Embryonic (from early stage embryo) vs. adult (bone marrow, umbilical cord blood)
Pluripotent: potential to differentiate into many types of cells

36. 5. The Animal Body
Levels of organization (cells, tissues, organs, organ systems) and definitions of these terms
4 types of tissues (pg. 76) - connective, epithelial, muscular and nervous

37. 6. Digestive System Diagram
Alimentary canal (organs that food passes through)
Mouth – chemical (enzymes digest) and physical (teeth and tongue) digestion
Esophagus – tube between mouth/stomach, peristalsis
Stomach – smooth muscle contracts to mix stomach contents, gastric juices, nerves send signals to our brain when we have enough to eat
Small intestine – most digestion occurs here, absorbs nutrients once digested (6 m long!)
Large intestine – absorbs water, forms feces

38. Accessory Organs (food doesn’t pass through)
Gall bladder –stores bile which breaks down fats
Liver - makes bile
Pancreas – produces many enzymes used in digestion (like insulin)

39. 7. Circulatory Blood Heart Diagram and blood flow
plasma, (liquid portion of blood)
red blood cells, (contains hemoglobin which binds to oxygen)
white blood cells (destroys bacteria and viruses)
Platelets (blood clotting)
Heart Diagram and blood flow
Right atrium  right ventricle  lungs  left atrium  left ventricle  body
Picks up oxygen at the lungs, drops off oxygen in body
Compare arteries, veins and capillaries (size, type of blood etc.)

40. 8. Respiratory Diagram What is in our air we breathe? Organs:
Breathe in: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide
Breathe out: 78% nitrogen, 16% oxygen, 3.9% carbon dioxide
Organs:
Nasal cavity – warms air
Pharyn x– both air and food pass through
epliglottis- - flap that prevents food from entering trachea
Larynx – voicebox
Trachea – tube held open by cartilage, traps particles with mucus and cilia wave particles out
Bronchi - branch into each lung
Bronchioles – smaller branches of bronchi
Alveoli – where gas exchange occurs
Diaphragm – involved in breathing (muscle)

41. Gas Exchange:

42. Control of breathing Controlled by medulla in brain
Detects high carbon dioxide levels
Breathing in (rib cage moves up and out, diaphragm down)
Breathing out (rib cage in and down, diaphragm up)

43. 9. Frog Dissection