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SNC2D Exam Review
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Chemistry 1. Chemical vs. Physical Change/Properties 2. Gas Tests
3. Lab Safety/ Equipment 4. The Atom (subatomic particles – electrons/protons/neutrons) 5. Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams 6. Ions 7. Lewis Dot Diagrams for Ionic and Molecular compounds 8. Structural Diagrams for Ionic and Molecular compounds 9. Naming ionic compounds (binary, polyvalent, polyatomic) Naming molecular compounds (mono, di, tri etc) 11. Lab: characteristics of ionic and molecular compounds 12. Word Equations 13. The Law of Conservation of Mass 14. Counting Atoms 15. Balancing Chemical Equations Types of Reactions (S, D, SD, DD, C) 17. Acids/Bases (characteristics and naming)
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Chemical vs. Physical Change
Chemical Change Physical Change Something “new” Changes at the molecular level Indicators: Colour change Bubbling without heat Precipitate Ex: rusting nail, burning paper Nothing “new” Still the same at the molecular level Sometimes just a change of state Ex. ripping paper, melting ice
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Gas Tests Example of using chemical change Gas Positive Test
Carbon dioxide Flaming splint went out Oxygen Glowing splint “re-lit” Hydrogen POP!
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The Atom Protons/Neutrons in the nucleus
Electrons orbit in energy levels/rings
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Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams
Draw a Bohr-Rutherford Diagram for sodium
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Ions Cations/Anions Draw sodium ION Draw chlorine ION
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Lewis Dot Diagrams Only the valence electrons and the element symbol are used (remember the quick way to find valence electrons?) Draw a Lewis Dot diagram for: Na2O (ionic) CO2 (molecular)
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Structural Diagrams For Ionic: Na2O For Molecular: CO2
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Naming Ionic Compounds
Binary: Polyvalent: Polyatomic:
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Naming Molecular Compounds
Mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa Do not use “mono” on the first element Eg. CO2 Eg. Carbon monoxide
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Characteristics of Ionic and Molecular Compounds
Solubility Soluble Insoluble Conductivity Conducts Does not conduct Appearance Jagged edges/crystal-like Smooth edges Melting point High melting point Low melting point Electrons shared/transferred Transferred Shared Metals/nonmetals Two nonmetals
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Word Equations Reactant + reactant -- product + product Means “to produce” or “yield”
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The Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass of reactants = mass of products
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Counting Atoms/ Balancing Equations
Try it:
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Types of Reactions
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Acids/Bases Naming Acids: Naming Bases: Characteristics HF H2CO3 NaOH
KOH Characteristics
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Optics 1. What is light? 2. How light is produced
3. Electromagnetic Spectrum 4. Law of Reflection 5. Regular/Diffuse Reflection 6. Plane Mirrors 7. Concave/Convex Mirrors 8. Refraction 9. Critical Angle/Total Internal Reflection 10. Converging/Diverging Lenses 11. The Human Eye
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What is Light? Properties of Light: Light travels in straight line
Light is a wave that can travel through a vacuum The speed of light in a vacuum is 300,000, 000 m/s (3.0 x 108 m/s) Travels by means of radiation - we called it electromagnetic radiation
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms of a stream of photons Each photon is traveling in a wave-like pattern, moving at the speed of light and carrying some amount of energy
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The Difference Between Luminous and Non-luminous:
Luminous: Objects that produce light Non-luminous: Objects that reflect light Sun Fire Lava Moon Mirrors
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How is light produced? Sources of Light Definition Examples
Incandescence Produced by an object that is heated to a very high temperature Light Bulb Electric Discharge Produced by electric current passing through the air Lightning Neon Lights Phosphorescence Is the ability to store the energy from a source of light and then emit it slowly over a long period of time Glow-in-the-dark Fluorescence Is emitted by some substances when they are exposed to electromagnetic radiation Chemiluminescence Is light produced from a chemical reaction with little or not heat produced Glow Sticks Bioluminescence Light produced from a chemical reaction by a living thing Fireflies Triboluminescence Producing light from friction Crushing lifesavers
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Images in a plane mirror
Rules for finding an image in a plane mirror: The distance from the object to the mirror is exactly the same as the distance from the image to the mirror The object-image line is perpendicular to the mirror surface
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Images in a Concave Mirror
Four Rules: A ray travelling parallel to the principal axis will reflect through the focal point (parallel – through F) A ray travelling through the focal point will reflect parallel to the principal axis (through F – parallel) A ray travelling through the centre of curvature will reflect upon itself A ray travelling through the vertex (contact point) will follow the law of reflection * The top of the object will be at the intersection of the rays in the image. * The bottom of the object will be at the principal axis
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Example:
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Image Properties in a Concave/Converging Mirror
Just Discuss…. Don’t copy yet Object Image Location Size Attitude Type Beyond C Smaller Inverted Between C and F Real At C Same size Larger At F No clear image Inside F Upright Behind mirror virtual
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Curved Mirrors A ray travelling parallel to the principal axis will still reflect through the focal point but as an extension of the reflected ray (still parallel – F) A ray travelling towards the mirror such that its extension would go through the focal point will reflect parallel to the principal axis (still F – parallel) A ray travelling towards the mirror such that its extension would go through C and reflect upon itself. A ray travelling towards the vertex will follow the laws of reflection. The extension of the reflected ray will intersect at the image.
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Biology 1. Plant vs. Animal Cells 2. The Cell Cycle (& Mitosis)
3. Cancer 4. Stem Cells 5. The Animal Body – tissues 6. Digestive System 7. Circulatory System 8. Respiratory System
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1. Plant vs. Animal cells Cell theory
All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. The cell is the basic unit of life. Cells arise from pre-existing cells. Prokaryotic (no nucleus) vs. Eukaryotic (has nucleus) Diagrams for plant and animal cells Organelle functions for both cells (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, vacuoles, cell membrane, cell wall)
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2. The Cell Cycle (Mitosis)
Importance of cell division (reproduction, growth, repair) Cell Cycle:
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Mitosis PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
Prophase: chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope disappears, mitotic spindles migrate to poles Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles (pulled by spindle fibres) Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm, two daughter cells
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3. Cancer Definitions : Diagnosing cancer
Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth Benign (lacks ability to metastasize) vs. Malignant Diagnosing cancer Treatments for cancer (chemotherapy, radiation, biophotonics) Causes for cancer
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4. Stem Cells Stem cell: A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues Embryonic (from early stage embryo) vs. adult (bone marrow, umbilical cord blood) Pluripotent: potential to differentiate into many types of cells
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5. The Animal Body Levels of organization (cells, tissues, organs, organ systems) and definitions of these terms 4 types of tissues (pg. 76) - connective, epithelial, muscular and nervous
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6. Digestive System Diagram
Alimentary canal (organs that food passes through) Mouth – chemical (enzymes digest) and physical (teeth and tongue) digestion Esophagus – tube between mouth/stomach, peristalsis Stomach – smooth muscle contracts to mix stomach contents, gastric juices, nerves send signals to our brain when we have enough to eat Small intestine – most digestion occurs here, absorbs nutrients once digested (6 m long!) Large intestine – absorbs water, forms feces
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Accessory Organs (food doesn’t pass through)
Gall bladder –stores bile which breaks down fats Liver - makes bile Pancreas – produces many enzymes used in digestion (like insulin)
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7. Circulatory Blood Heart Diagram and blood flow
plasma, (liquid portion of blood) red blood cells, (contains hemoglobin which binds to oxygen) white blood cells (destroys bacteria and viruses) Platelets (blood clotting) Heart Diagram and blood flow Right atrium right ventricle lungs left atrium left ventricle body Picks up oxygen at the lungs, drops off oxygen in body Compare arteries, veins and capillaries (size, type of blood etc.)
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8. Respiratory Diagram What is in our air we breathe? Organs:
Breathe in: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide Breathe out: 78% nitrogen, 16% oxygen, 3.9% carbon dioxide Organs: Nasal cavity – warms air Pharyn x– both air and food pass through epliglottis- - flap that prevents food from entering trachea Larynx – voicebox Trachea – tube held open by cartilage, traps particles with mucus and cilia wave particles out Bronchi - branch into each lung Bronchioles – smaller branches of bronchi Alveoli – where gas exchange occurs Diaphragm – involved in breathing (muscle)
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Gas Exchange:
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Control of breathing Controlled by medulla in brain
Detects high carbon dioxide levels Breathing in (rib cage moves up and out, diaphragm down) Breathing out (rib cage in and down, diaphragm up)
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9. Frog Dissection
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