1. APUSH Period 5

2. 1. Settlement of the American West
Mormons
Religious organization begun by Joseph Smith in New York in the early 1820s
After Smith is killed in 1844 Brigham Young led Mormons to Utah Territory
California gold rush
Prospectors known as “forty-niners” came to California in 1849 after the discovery of gold
Less than a year after the US took control of California from Mexico

3. 1. Settlement of the American West
Homestead Act, 1862
Law that provided 160 acres of public land to anyone who lived on the land and cultivated it for five years
Led to a mass movement to the west after the civil war
Pacific Railway Act, 1862
Law that gave loans and land to subsidize construction of a rail road to the Pacific Coast
Enabled Americans to move to the west more easily after the Civil War
Chinese immigrants were responsible for a large portion of the manual labor required to build the railroad
Why the requirement to cultivate the land?

4. 1. Settlement of the American West
Promontory Point, Utah, 1869
Site where the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific Railroads met, completing the first transcontinental railway line
What do you notice about the picture?

5. Homework
Reading: p

6. 2. Manifest Destiny Annexation of Texas, 1845 Manifest Destiny*
Through a joint resolution of Congress, the US annexed and granted statehood to the Republic of Texas, an independent nation that won it’s independence from Mexico in 1836
Manifest Destiny*
Belief that the US was destined to expand across the North American Continent

7. Thus American development has exhibited not merely advance along a single line, but a return to primitive conditions on a continually advancing frontier line, and a new development for that area. American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character. The true point of view in the history of this nation is not the Atlantic coast, it is the great West.
Fredrick Jackson Turner - The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893)

8. 2. Manifest Destiny Mexican-American War, 1846-48* Mexican Cession*
War caused by a territorial dispute between the US and Mexico that led to Mexico ceding land to the US
Mexican Cession*
The region of the present-day southwestern US that Mexico ceded to the US in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Talk more specifically about the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo What kind of implications does this have about citizenship for the people living there at the time? What defines a citizen?

9. 2. Manifest Destiny Gadsden Purchase, 1853
Strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that the US purchased from Mexico as a route for building a southern transcontinental railroad
Railroad was completed in 1882

11. Homework:
#2 b #3 all
p (through “The Idea of the Frontier”)

12. 4. The United States and Asia
Chinese trade
In 1844 the US secured a treaty with China that gave the US the trading privileges many other foreign powers already had
Clipper ships
Fast-moving sailing ships which allowed the US to begin opening trade routes to Asia
Commodore Matthew Perry
US Naval Commander who played a key role in opening Japan to trade with the West
Missionaries
During the Second Great Awakening, Protestant missionaries from the US traveled

13. Homework p

14. 5. European Migration and American Nativism
An ideal that favors native born Americans over immigrants
Know-Nothings
Secret nativist organization of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant
Got its name from the reply given when outsiders asked about Know Nothing activities
Eventually formed themselves into the American Party, a national political party

15. 6. The Free-Soil and Abolitionist Movements
Free Soil Party
Political party that opposed slavery in the territories in the 1848 and 1852 elections
Most members became Republicans after the creation of the Republican party in 1854
Underground Railroad
Secret network of northerners who helped fugitive slaves escape to Canada or safe areas of the US
Most famous “conductor” was Harriet Tubman who led at least 300 enslaved people to freedom

17. 7. Southern Defense of Slavery
Peculiar institution
Southern euphemism for slavery
Used by southerners in the antebellum period because the word slavery was deemed improper and had been banned in some areas
Slave codes
Laws that established the status of enslaved people denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slave owners
What might be the motivation for Southerners to defend slavery this way?

18. Homework
#6 c
Reading:

19. 8. Slavery in the Territories
Wilmot Proviso
Amendment to an appropriations bill proposing that any territory acquired from Mexico be closed to slavery
Defeated in the Senate but sparked a national debate
What other amendment is this like? (Talmadge Amendment)

20. 8. Slavery in the Territories
Compromise of 1850*
Attempt to reconcile northerners and southerners over the issue of slavery
Written by Henry Clay, and admitted California as a free state, and called for popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah
Included a strong fugitive slave law and ended the slave trade in DC

21. 8. Slavery in the Territories
Popular sovereignty
Letting the people decide whether a territory will be slave or free
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854*
Law that allowed the Kansas and Nebraska territories to use popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery
Led to Civil War in Kansas or “Bleeding Kansas”

22. 8. Slavery in the Territories
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857*
After ruling that people of African descent weren’t citizens and couldn’t sue in court, the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Roger Taney affirmed the right of slave owners to take their slaves into Western territories
Negated the doctrine of popular sovereignty and repealed the Missouri Compromise
How could the territory outlaw slavery using laws? What tactic have the territories been using to outlaw slavery up till now? Why would Douglas say that Congress cant outlaw slavery using Dred Scott’s case?

23. 8. Slavery in the Territories
Freeport Doctrine, 1858
Belief held by Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois that a territory could exclude slavery by created laws that made slavery impossible
In other words: the US Congress could not outlaw slavery(Dred Scott case) but the people could (popular sovereignty)
Harper’s Ferry, 1859
Site of a federal arsenal in Virginia
Radical abolitionist John Brown hoped to capture the arsenal and start a slave rebellion in the south and was hanged when his plot failed
Lies my teacher told me exerpt

24. 9. Creation of the Republican Party
Political party formed after the Whig party split over the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Northern and western party, opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories
Lincoln Douglass Debates
Debates held between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglass during the election for the US Senate seat in Illinois
Douglas won the debates, but Lincoln became a national political figure who could articulate the Republican’s position on slavery

25. 10. The Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln* Southern Secession
Illinois Republican
elected president of the US in 1860 on a platform calling for no slavery in the territories
His election prompted southern states to secede leading to Civil War
Southern Secession
Beginning with South Carolina, seven southern states seceded from the Union before Lincoln was inaugurated on March
Fort Sumter, 1861
Union fort located in the harbor of Charleston, SC
After the Fort was attacked by Confederate forces in April 1861, Lincoln called for volunteers to suppress the rebellion, starting the Civil War

26. 11. The Civil War, 1861-1865 King Cotton Antietam, 1862
Southerners hoped that England’s need for southern cotton would lead to English support for the Confederacy
Cotton surpluses in Egypt and India accompanied by British need for northern wheat meant that England didn’t provide support for the Confederacy
Antietam, 1862
Significant northern victory in turning back southern troops from invading the north
Victory prompted Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation
Single bloodiest day in American history
22,717 died in a single day

27. 11. The Civil War, 1861-1865 Gettysburg, 1863 March to the Sea, 1864
Turning point of the Civil War in the East
Northern troops led by George Meade stopped southern forces led by Robert E. Lee from invading the North
March to the Sea, 1864
Northern troops led by William T Sherman marched through Georgia, destroying everything in their path
Appomattox Court House, 1865
Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, ending the Civil War
Gettysburg is the last time the South tries to invade the North, fight for three days, until 1863 North had been losing horribly. Yes we had money troops infrastructure, all the S had to do was defend territory, fighting on home terf, farm boys v city slickers

28. 12. The Abolition of Slavery
Emancipation Proclamation*
Lincoln’s executive order abolishing slavery in all states rebelling against the US
Issued the proclamation as a military necessity
Gettysburg Address*
Lincoln’s short speech to dedicate a cemetery after the Battle of Gettysburg
Lincoln used the speech to define the US as a nation based on the principle of equality found in the Declaration of Independence
Gettysburg is the last time the South tries to invade the North, fight for three days, until 1863 North had been losing horribly. Yes we had money troops infrastructure, all the S had to do was defend territory, fighting on home terf, farm boys v city slickers

29. 12. The Abolition of Slavery
13th Amendment, 1865*
Constitutional amendment that banned slavery in the US and its territories
14th Amendment, 1868*
Constitutional amendment that made former slaves citizens and guaranteed them equal protection of the laws
15th Amendment, 1870*
Constitutional amendment that prohibited states from denying anyone the right to vote based on previous status as a slave
Provision to include women debated but not included

30. 13. Reconstruction 1865-1877 Radical Republicans*
Faction of the Republican Party that opposed moderation or conciliation toward the South
Opposed Slavery and supported civil rights for former enslaved people
After the Civil War they tried to limit presidential power and increase congressional power

31. 13. Reconstruction 1865-1877 Black Reconstruction Carpetbagger
Period during the Reconstruction era when African Americans took an active role in state and local government in southern states
Carpetbagger
Derogatory term used by white southerners to describe northerners who moved to the south after Reconstruction
Scalawag
Derogatory term used by white southerners to describe other white southerners who cooperated with Republicans during Reconstruction

32. 13. Reconstruction 1865-1877 Ku Klux Klan Redeemers
Secret organization in the South after the Civil War that used violence and intimidation to restore Southern whites to power
Redeemers
Southern Democrats who brought the Democratic Party back to power, suppressing Black Reconstruction

33. 13. Reconstruction 1865-1877 Election of 1876 Compromise of 1877
Compromise of 1877
Compromise used to end the disputed presidential election of 1876
Republicans gained the presidency under Rutherford B. Hayes
In turn, Hayes agreed to remove northern troops from southern states, ending Reconstruction

34. 14. African Americans Before and After Reconstruction
Sharecropping (tenant farming)
A system of renting farmland in which tenant farmers gave landlords a share of their crops as rent
Large percentage of freed slaves became sharecroppers after the Civil War

35. 15. Women’s Rights during the Reconstruction Era
Susan B. Anthony
Advocate for women’s right to vote
In 1872 Anthony was arrested for voting in a presidential election
Victoria Woodhull
Advocate of women’s rights who, in 1872, became the first woman to run for president in the US