1. Our Planet…

2. Onion Earth Earth has many layers Lithosphere Atmosphere
Solid surface of the planet
Atmosphere
Gases surrounding the planet
Hydrophere and Cryosphere
All water found on our planet
Biosphere
All life on Earth

3. Lithosphere
The solid part of the Earth (continental lithosphere and oceanic lithosphere)

4. Layer 1: The Lithosphere
Mineral vs. Rocks vs. ORE
Minerals are:
Inorganic substances (don’t come from plants or animals)
Naturally occurring
Have a distinct mineral composition
Have well defined properties (due to composition and shape)
Rocks are:
Heterogeneous solids composed of many minerals
Ore is:
Rock or minerals that is economically viable to extract

5. Interesting facts on minerals:
Characteristics to identify minerals
a) Colors
A mineral that will always have the same color : idiochromatic
A mineral that may vary in color: allochromatic
b) Hardness
Depends on atoms in the mineral
Mohs scale indicated the resistance to scratching
c) Transparency
Transparent/translucent/opaque
d) Streak

6. Rocks: Types of rocks Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
- Rocks formed when magma cools and solidifies
Sedimentary
- Rocks formed by the accumulation and compaction of debris
Metamorphic
- Rocks that have been transformed by heat or pressure

7. Rocks to soil…
Through the wind and water erosion as well as freeze and thaw, erodes the rocks.
Soil is produced
As soil develops it thickens and forms distinct layers (a.k.a. horizons)

8. Soil horizons Horizon O: Organic Matter Horizon A: Topsoil
Mostly made up of organic matter
Horizon A: Topsoil
Supports plant life
Mixture of minerals and organic matter
Horizon B: Subsoil
Made of small mineral particles
Tree with deep roots, take in nutrients
Horizon C: Fragmented Parent Rock
Also called substratum
Formed by the disintegration of the underlying parent rock
Horizon R: Unaltered parent rock
Starting point of soil formation

9. Issues with soil… What makes soil fertile?
Sufficient amount of minerals
Sufficient amount of moisture
Appropriate pH
pH that is not optimal will limit the absorption of nutrients
A soil’s buffering capacity is its ability to resist pH changes. The finer the texture of the soil the better it will resist pH change.

10. Energy Resources Fossil Fuels Nuclear Geothermal
Includes oil, coal and natural gas
Oil and natural gas result from the decomposition of marine animals and algae
Coal results from the decomposition of organic plant matter
Advantages
Disadvantages
Nuclear
Geothermal