1. Our Planet…

2. Onion Earth Earth has many layers Lithosphere –Solid surface of the planet Atmosphere –Gases surrounding the planet Hydrophere and Cryosphere –All water found on our planet Biosphere –All life on Earth

3. Layer 1: The Lithosphere Mineral vs. Rocks –Minerals are: Inorganic substances (don’t come from plants or animals) Naturally occurring Have a distinct mineral composition Have well defined properties (due to composition and shape) –Rocks are: Heterogeneous solids composed of many minerals

4. Interesting facts on minerals: –Characteristics to identify minerals a) Colors –A mineral that will always have the same color : idiochromatic –A mineral that may vary in color: allochromatic b) Hardness –Depends on atoms in the mineral –Mohs scale indicated the resistance to scratching c) Transparency –Transparent/translucent/opaque d) Streak

5. Rocks: –Types of rocks 1.Igneous - Rocks formed when magma cools and solidifies 2.Sedimentary - Rocks formed by the accumulation and compaction of debris 3.Metamorphic - Rocks that have been transformed by heat or pressure

6. Rocks to soil… Through the wind and water erosion as well as freeze and thaw, erodes the rocks. Soil is produced –As soil develops it thickens and forms distinct layers (a.k.a. horizons)

7. Soil horizons Horizon O: Organic Matter –Mostly made up of organic matter Horizon A: Topsoil –Supports plant life –Mixture of minerals and organic matter Horizon B: Subsoil –Made of small mineral particles –Tree with deep roots, take in nutrients Horizon C: Fragmented Parent Rock –Also called substratum –Formed by the disintegration of the underlying parent rock Horizon R: Unaltered parent rock –Starting point of soil formation

8. Issues with soil… What makes soil fertile? –Sufficient amount of minerals –Sufficient amount of moisture –Appropriate pH pH that is not optimal will limit the absorption of nutrients A soil’s buffering capacity is its ability to resist pH changes. The finer the texture of the soil the better it will resist pH change.

9. Energy Resources Fossil Fuels –Includes oil, coal and natural gas Oil and natural gas result from the decomposition of marine animals and algae Coal results from the decomposition of organic plant matter –Advantages –Disadvantages Nuclear Geothermal

10. Isotopes Isotopes: Element with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons. Mass Atomic number

11. The Atmosphere

12. The atmosphere –Acts as a screen against harmful radiation –Retains heat allowing for life on Earth –Includes O 2 necessary for cellular respiration and CO 2 necessary for photosynthesis –Our atmosphere covers our planet because of the gravitational field of our planet

13. Composition of the air Atmosphere: layer of gas (especially nitrogen and oxygen) that surrounds our planet Air is made up of: –78% Nitrogen (N) –21% Oxygen (O2) –1% of other gases Water Vapor CO2 Argon …

14. Atmospheric layers Troposphere: (0-15km) –Where meteorological phenomenon occur Stratosphere: (15-50 km) –Ozone layer –Temperature increases due to ozone layer Mesosphere: (50-80 km) –Coldest layer of the atmosphere (-80C) Thermosphere: (80-500 km) –Hottest layer of the atmosphere (1800C) Exosphere: (500 km and up) –Where satellites are placed

15. Atmospheric pressure Air is a fluid Atmospheric pressure –Is the weight per unit area (pressure) of the column of air above that location. the pressure of the air in the atmosphere Varies with time and place To measure pressure we use a barometer Units of measurement = Pascals Average air pressure at sea level = 102.325 Pa

16. Factors affecting atmospheric pressure If the number of air particles –Increase : then pressure increases –Decrease: then pressure decreases There is a natural thinning of our atmosphere with altitude and therefore a natural decrease in pressure If temperature of the air –Increase: (the molecules are flying every which way) the pressure will decrease –Decreases: the pressure will increase –**Warm air is therefore less dense than cold air

17. Another interesting factor Water vapor –If the amount of water vapor increases: the air pressure will actually decrease, because humid air is actually less heavy than dry air.

18. What does all this mean? Because density changes with the temperature, the atmosphere will undergo “atmospheric circulation” –Atmospheric circulation is the global-scale movement of the layer of air surrounding the Earth Which really comes down to… atmospheric circulation is the global-scale movement of the atmosphere

19. Atmospheric Circulation

21. Coriolis Effect Definition: Winds deviate to the right in the Northern Hemisphere Winds deviate to the left in the Southern Hemisphere

24. Circulation cells 1.Hadley Cells Between the equator and 30 th latitude Warm air rise at equator Creates the trade wind 2.Ferrel cells –Between the 30 th latitude and 60 th latitude –Creates the westerlies (from west to east) 3.Polar Cells –Between the 60 th latitude and the poles –Creates the polar easterlies (from east to west)

25. Prevailing winds Definition: –Major atmospheric current that blow in a given direction according to global patterns of movement near the surface. Between –Equator and 30 th parallel Tropical easterlies or trade winds –30 th parallel and 60 th parallel Westerlies –60 th parallel and pole Polar easterlies

26. Other winds Regionally, – winds do not always blow in the same direction as the prevailing winds. They are affected by local high pressure and low pressure system Jet streams –Subtropical Jet stream Around the 30 th parallel Travels at 400 km/h 11 km above the surface –Polar jet stream Around the 60 th parallel Travels at 300 km/h

27. Weather Makers Air Masses, anticyclones and cyclones

28. 1. Air masses Definition: –Large expanse of the atmosphere with relatively uniform temperature and humidity. –Air mass characteristics: Humidity (humid or dry) Temperature (cold or warm)

29. 1. Air masses When air masses collide they create fronts. They do not mix. a) Cold Front b) Warm Front c) Stationary d) Occluded

30. a) Cold front Occurs when… –A cold air mass overides a warm air mass Symbol Weather –The warm air rises abruptly, causing the water vapor to rise and condense and produces storm clouds

31. a) Cold Front

32. b) Warm front Occurs when… –A warm air mass overides a cold air mass Symbol Weather –The warm air rises slowly, causing the water vapor to rise and condense and produces clouds

33. b) Warm Front

34. c) Stationary Front Occurs when… –A warm air mass meets head on a cold air mass Symbol Weather –The masses collide, the warm air rises over the cold denser air, causing the water vapor to rise and condense and produces clouds and rain on the cold front

35. d) Occluded Fronts Occurs when… –A cold front catches up with a warm front Symbol Weather –The cold front catches up with the warm front and forces it from the ground

36. d) Occluded Front

37. 2. Cyclones and anticyclones A cyclone: –Area of low atmospheric pressure. The air turns counterclockwise in the Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemispheres. An anticyclone: –Area of high atmospheric pressure. The air turns clockwise in the Northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemispheres.

38. Hurricanes: –A large cyclone characterized by violent winds

39. Atmospheric issues Smog –Thick layer of fog and smoke and atmospheric pollutants Ozone layer thinning Contaminants –Acid Rain, smog, toxic chemicals, dust and ozone destruction Greenhouse gases –Climate change: abnormal modification of climatic conditions on Earth, caused by human activity

40. Energy resources Solar energy Wind energy

41. The Hydrosphere Water, water everywhere?

42. The Hydrosphere Definition: –Earth’s outer layer of water, uniting water in all its state: liquid, gas, solid. –Of this, 2.5% is freshwater Of this, 79% is frozen

43. Redividing the Hydrosphere We can “separate” the hydrosphere into 3 general categories: –Inland water –Ocean water –The Cryosphere

44. Inland water Definition –Fresh water bodies found on continents. This unites rivers, lakes and groundwater How do we manage and study inland water? –We divide the continent up into watersheds A watershed is an area of land in which all the water in it drains to the same point/larger body of water)

45. Watersheds Definition: –A watershed is an area of land in which all the water in it drains to the same point/larger body of water) Criteria to consider while deciding a watershed: Topography Geology Climate Vegetation Agriculture

46. The cryosphere Definition: –Consists of all frozen water on the Earth’s surface –The cryosphere encompasses: Pack ice Glaciers Permafrost Frozen lakes and rivers Snow (etc.)