1. Anatomy and Physiology of Multicellular Organisms
Outcome: Compare the anatomies and physiologies and behaviours of multicellular organisms including Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals.

2. Comparing Organisms
We compare organisms and classify them in a variety of ways.
We’ve used cladograms, phylogenetic trees, now we’ll use dichotomous keys (divided into two parts)!

3. Dichotomous Keys Two characteristic classification system.
Pose a characteristic that some organisms have (and some don’t).
We eventually want enough characteristics to separate each organism from one another.
Shoe activity!

4. Kingdom Characteristics
What are the eukaryotic kingdoms of life?

5. Protists See associated powerpoint Protists and Dichotomous Keys!
Create your own key in the classroom – use 10 individuals!
Distinguishing Points of Protists

6. Protists See associated powerpoint Protists and Dichotomous Keys!
Create your own key in the classroom – use 10 individuals!
Distinguishing Points of Protists (live in aquatic ecosystems) - Animal-like protists move and ingest other organisms (ex. amoeba, paramecium) - Plant-like protists (ex. Algae), contain pigments for absorbing light – different pigments means different phyla of algae-protists. - Fungus-like protists – includes molds that have fruiting bodies that release spores.

7. Fungi See Associated Presentation
What are different means to classify fungi (ie, what makes particular fungi unique?)
Classified based on their reproductive structures.
- Basidiomycota – - Zygomycota – - Ascomycota – - Chytridiomycota –

8. Fungi See Associated Presentation
What are different means to classify fungi (ie, what makes particular fungi unique?)
Classified based on their reproductive structures.
Basidiomycota – club-like reproductive structures - Zygomycota – fruiting bodies that release spores. - Ascomycota – cup-like reproductive structures - Chytridiomycota – unicellular fungi (yeasts)
Most have hyphae which are tiny hair-like structures that allow for nutrient uptake (like roots)

9. Plantae See Associated Presentation
What are different means to classify plants (ie, what makes particular Phyla unique?) - Vascular plants have - Nonvascular plants (like mosses) Seedless/seed – - Gymnosperms – - Angiosperms –
What is the anatomy of a flower petal?

10. Plantae See Associated Presentation
What are different means to classify plants (ie, what makes particular Phyla unique?) - Vascular plants have vascular tissue (means to transport nutrients/water throughout the plant – xylem and phloem) - Nonvascular plants (like mosses) don’t need vascular tissue because they don’t grow tall enough and live in moist environments. - Seedless/seed – some plants have seeds to reproduce, others release “spores” - Gymnosperms – have naked seeds - Angiosperms – have a flower protecting seeds
What is the anatomy of a flower petal?

11. Animalia See Associated Presentation
What are different means to classify Animals (ie, what makes particular Phyla unique?) - Vertebrate/invertebrate symmetry Body cavities –

12. Animalia See Associated Presentation
What are different means to classify Animals (ie, what makes particular Phyla unique?) - Vertebrate/invertebrate (presence/absence of a backbone). - symmetry (a. asymmetrical, b. radial, c. bilateral) a. doesn’t have a fixed growth pattern. B. grows around a central point. C. two similar halves down a central plane. - Body cavities – acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate – (spaces within the body separating different layers of the body.

13. Comparing Animals
Using any of the skulls, bones in the classroom – try to identify similarities and differences between bone-structures in each species as compared to humans. Then propose why does this difference exist?
Bone of what Animal?
Similarities to Humans (why?)
Differences to Humans (why?)

14. Adaptations Against Threats
What is an example of each of the following adaptions in humans against threats (or selective pressures) like pathogens, predators, and disease?
Behavioural
Structural
Physiological

15. Adaptations Against Threats
What is an example of each of the following adaptions in humans against threats (or selective pressures) like pathogens, predators, and disease?
Behavioural
Humans tend to be cooperative and work together in the presence of predators – adaptation!
Structural
Teeth – our teeth vary from that of cats – why?
Physiological
Ability to maintain a constant temperature (sweating)

16. Cognitive Ease Learned behaviour in humans!
Advertisers capitalize on the evolutionary workings of our brains.
Is this okay?
What are some points that stood out from the video?

17. Cognitive Ease Learned behaviour in humans!
Advertisers capitalize on the evolutionary workings of our brains.
By repeating our exposure to ads, our brain becomes less critical of them and actually begins to trust the product more.
Is this okay?
What are some points that stood out from the video?

18. Adaptations: Maintaining Homeostasis
What’s homeostasis again?
How does our body maintain it?
What are some things that our body balances or maintains?

19. Maintaining Homeostasis
What’s homeostasis again? Balance – the body is constantly attempting to maintain equilibrium.
How does our body maintain it?
Sweating – cools us off. Vomiting – eliminate waste, focus on activity at hand.
What are some things that our body balances or maintains? Temperature Kidney – blood concentration/fluid regulation

20. Maintaining Homeostasis
Biofeedback
Fluid regulation
Thermoregulation

21. Maintaining Homeostasis
Biofeedback - is a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.
Fluid regulation– kidneys help us maintain and regulate bodily fluid levels.
Thermoregulation -  is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis.

22. Biofeedback
Activity – do either 25 push-ups or 50 jumping jacks (anything to get your heart rate up). Then try to breathe slowly and deeply, see if your heart rate drops.
Your brain/heart is like “HOLY! HOLY! HOLY!” right now.
What is the benefit of a lower heart rate? Less stress on your heart!
Why do organisms do it?

23. Fluid regulation
Amount of water consumed equals what is released. (Vasopressin released by the hypothalamus helps control this)
Osmolarity balance (flushing out sodium)
Excess water, we pee more.
Not enough water, we pee less!
More info: 35e/kidneyfluid.html

24. Thermoregulation
Hypothalamus is responsible for the balance of heat in our body.
Cooling Sweating - Vasodilation – blood vessels get wider, forcing more blood which is normally closer in and warmer, going out here cools it.
Heating Vasoconstriction – blood vessels get smaller. Thermogenesis – shivering! Hormonal thermogenesis – hormones increase metabolism – which we know gives off heat (energy lost)

25. Other Adaptations: Reproduction
R and K Reproductive Strategies
Different organisms practice different strategies for reproduction that work in some way to ensure reproductive success!
Bozeman Science:

26. Other Adaptations – Turtle
R and K Reproductive Strategies
Different organisms practice different strategies for reproduction that work in some way to ensure reproductive success!
Bozeman Science:
R-selected organisms perform a reproductive strategy with a high growth rate (lots of offspring that are also able to reproduce relatively quickly).
K-selected, like us, typically have fewer offspring but care for them more.
These strategies aren’t finite meaning that organisms can displays characteristics of both depending on biological gender or point in life.

27. Cost/Benefit of Reproductive Strategies
We’ve already discussed r and K reproducers, what about:
Polycyclic animals –
Example:
Semelparous organisms –
Iteroparous organisms –
What would make any of these beneficial? Is one more than others, why (think in a species/evolutionary sense)?

28. Cost/Benefit of Reproductive Strategies
We’ve already discussed r and K reproducers, what about:
Polycyclic animals – intermittent reproduction.
Example: Mammals, lots.
Semelparous organisms – reproduce only once and then die.
Example: Salmon, NatGeo, Annual Plants
Iteroparous organisms – reproduce in successive cycles (seasons).
Example: perennial plants
What would make any of these beneficial? Is one more than others, why (think in a species/evolutionary sense)?

29. Dissection Lab!
We need plant dissectors, fungi dissectors, fish/squid/worm dissectors!
We are observing the anatomies of these organisms – make connections between them and identify differences between them.

30. Comparing Anatomy of Multicellular Organisms – Lab Review
What organ systems are there in the organisms we looked at? Similarities? Differences? (To humans, or one another)
Phyla
Similarities
Differences
Perch (Osteichthyes)
Squid/Clam (Mollusca)
Crayfish (Arthropoda)

31. Comparing Anatomy of Multicellular Organisms – Lab Review
What organ systems are there in the organisms we looked at? Similarities? Differences? (To humans, or one another)
Phyla
Similarities
Differences
Perch (Osteichthyes)
Eyeball (has a lens in it for viewing) Digestive tract is similar – mouth , stomach, intestine – but shorter intestine).
Gills not lungs – gills allow for oxygen extraction from water. Air bladder – holds air – allows them to be still in water.
Squid/Clam (Mollusca)
Squid have appendages (like hands) Have a “foot” for movement.
Clams have no eyeballs! No bones in appendages. Ink sac for defence/escape.
Crayfish (Arthropoda)
Has a heart! Brain-like structure at front of animal.
No spine/backbone (invertebrates) – exoskeleton. Have eyes, but very different structure – on antennae outside of head.

32. Ethical implications of using organisms for study
When we did our lab – is that okay? Why or why not?
Is it okay to use living things for research? What if humans volunteered?

33. Acquiring, Transporting and Excreting Nutrients, Hormones, and Wastes
What are different ways organisms acquire nutrients?
What is the significance of hormones?
How do organisms get rid of waste?

34. Acquiring, Transporting and Excreting Nutrients, Hormones, and Wastes
What are different ways organisms acquire nutrients? Autotrophic (signals movement of hormones to do certain activities), heterotrophic (signal from empty stomach – “I want food”).
What is the significance of hormones?
Some organisms use particular hormones (or pheromones) to influence behaviour of other organisms. Tells our body what to do.
How do organisms get rid of waste? Diffusion or contractile vacuoles Creation of urine to expel waste and regulate acid/base levels of fluids in our body. Fecal matter through anus! Release of chemicals in a variety of other ways.

35. Predicting Organismal Response
How do the spider plants know which way to grow?
If we moved them to a different location, what might change about their growth? How if they don’t have a brain?
What mechanisms exist in us that perform functions like this (do pheromones affect us?)

36. Predicting Organismal Response
How do the spider plants know which way to grow?
They have proteins and systems capable of responding to light and gravity.
If we moved them to a different location, what might change about their growth? How if they don’t have a brain?
The leaves would grow towards the light – light triggers activity of cell growth to increase or adjust water levels to bend the leaf a certain way.
What mechanisms exist in us that perform functions like this (do pheromones affect us?)

37. Hormones and Neurotransmitters Signalling and communication is extremely important to proper functioning of the body and maintaining homeostasis.
Hormones
Neurotransmitters

38. Hormones and Neurotransmitters Signalling and communication is extremely important to proper functioning of the body and maintaining homeostasis.
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Messengers that spread throughout the body causing different responses.
Connect and send signals between neurons.

39. Intraorganismal Communication
______________ and ______________ are examples of ______________ ______________ – communication within an organism.
Our body requires
This includes using bulk transport (endocytosis) to allow these molecules to travel and trigger activity in cells.
______________ work together to achieve similar functions, but different organisms have different interactions between them. We know how our bodies work (ish), but how do those plants and fungi work without the body systems we have?

40. Intraorganismal Communication
Hormones and neurotransmitters are examples of intraorganismal communication – communication within an organism.
Our body requires very specific signalling via a variety of molecules and proteins found on the outside of our cells to respond to/send different messages. This includes using bulk transport (endocytosis) to allow these molecules to travel and trigger activity in cell-cell.
Body systems work together to achieve similar functions, but different organisms have different interactions between them. We know how our bodies work (ish), but how do those plants and fungi work without the body systems we have?

41. Interorganismal Communication
When organisms interact with one another (like Salmon and Bears and the forest), this is an example of ___________________________ ___________________________.
A delicate balance exists between environment, species and different types of ___________________________ exist depending on the organismal relationship.

42. Interorganismal Communication
When organisms interact with one another (like Salmon and Bears and the forest), this is an example of interorganismal communication/interactions.
A delicate balance exists between environment, species and different types of symbiotic relationships exist depending on the organismal relationship.

43. Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism (_____) –
Commensalism (_____)–
Parasitism (____) –
How do these connect to evolution?

44. Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism (+/+) – both organisms benefit from partnership
Commensalism (+/0)– one benefits, other, no effect.
Parasitism (+/-) – one benefits, other gets harmed.
How do these connect to evolution? Evolved to live together!

45. Adaptations
Whether structurally or functionally-speaking – organisms bear many similarities and differences between one another as well as are dependent on the interactions between themselves and other organisms to survive.
All life possesses all of the characteristics of life that we discussed at the start of the term and we can better explain these connections when we zoom into the workings of these organisms’ cells and processes.
These are the sum of many billion years/generations of adaptations finely-tuned to be successful in certain environments.

46. Taxonomy - Classifying Organisms Explore how the dynamic nature of biological classification reflects advances in scientific understanding of relationships among organisms.
We use a variety of means to classify and establish links between species using different forms of classification:
Cladograms/Phylogenetic Trees –
Binomial Nomenclature –
Dichotomous Keys –

47. Taxonomy - Classifying Organisms Explore how the dynamic nature of biological classification reflects advances in scientific understanding of relationships among organisms.
We use a variety of means to classify and establish links between species using different forms of classification:
Cladograms/Phylogenetic Trees – Establish relationships among organisms in a hierarchy.
Binomial Nomenclature – two-name naming system (Genus species) to have uniform names of species and avoid confusion (ex. gopher).
Dichotomous Keys – creating questions that help us separate one organism from others – however, sometimes many share similar traits or converge on similar traits despite less-similar ancestry.
Classification is constantly changing as we learn new things and find new organisms – it’s not (and will never be) perfect, but we want to be “more right”.