1. How Do Organisms Respond to Change?
Animal Physiology:
How Do Organisms
Respond to Change?

2. What Are The Underlying Principles of Physiology?
Cells of multicellular organisms are hierarchically arranged
Multicellular organisms are more than the sum of their parts
Multicellular organisms function best within stable internal environments
Feedback systems control many physiological processes

3. Cells of Multicellular Organisms are Hierarchically Organized
Multicellular organisms have cells that are organized into tissues
Groups of similar cells performing a similar function

4. Four Types of Tissues Epithelial
Covers surfaces throughout the body ( inside and out) and protect what they cover.
Three types based on cell shape: Columnar, Cuboidial, Squamous.

5. Four Types of Tissues Connective
Usually composed of living cells surrounded by nonliving matrices.
Found throughout the body.
Various Functions

6. Four Types of Tissues Muscle Highly contractile
Major function: move internal parts, or along with bones to move body as a whole.
Three types:
Striated
Smooth
Cardiac

7. Four Types of Tissues Nerve tissue Abundant throughout the body
Primary function is to relay information from the external and internal environments to the brain.
Process that other information , and relay messages from the brain to all internal body parts.

8. Organs
Complex systems of tissue that work together to perform common functions.
Examples:
Stomach
Skin
Forearm

9. Organs are Organized into Organ Systems
Organ Systems: A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

11. Multicellular Organisms are More Than The Sum of Their Parts
They are synergisms
An instance of the combined effect of several actions being greater than the sum of the individual actions.

12. Multicellular Organisms Function Best Within Stable Environments
Homeostasis
Maintaining a constant internal environment
Multicellular organisms function best under nearly steady-state internal conditions.

13. Feedback Systems Control Many Physiological Processes
Regulation of a process by which a component from a later stage in the process controls its own production by influencing an earlier stage in the process.
2 types
Positive and Negative

15. Additional Points to Remember:
All physiological processes are a cellular phenomena
Example: Digestion of nutrients in intestine and their movement through the blood
There is a relationship between form and function
Example: structure of cell is related to its function

16. Additional Points to Remember:
Tolerable ranges of internal and external conditions often vary from one organism to the next.
Example: algae living in near boiling hot springs

17. Additional Points to Remember:
Evolution often results in increasing complexity, but not always.
Example: the digestive systems of various animals
Plants are structurally and physiologically less complex than plants.
Example: most advanced plants produce flowers which consists of only three organ systems.

18. How Do Organisms Obtain Information From Their Environment?
Organisms need to assess:
What is the current state of the environment?
What changes are taking place?
What adjustments need to be made to adapt to these changes?
Two systems devoted to answering these questions:
Endocrine and Nervous systems

19. Endocrine Systems Most primitive environmental monitoring system
Based on the presence of absence of chemicals
These systems produce hormones
Chemical messages

20. Endocrine Systems
Hormones are respond to long-term changes in an organism’s environments.
Key in such processes as growth, maturity, preproduction and metabolism.

21. Nervous Systems
Allows for quick adjustment to environmental conditions that may be necessary for survival.
Found only in animals
Basic cellular unit in vertebrates is neurons.
Allows the brain to be connected with all parts of the body.
This system evolved from rather simple networks into highly complex systems .
composed of numerous lateral nerves that feed information into and out of highly complex, centralized nerve cords and brains.

23. How Do Organisms Acquire and Process Nutrients and Wastes?
We are all dependent on our surroundings.
Ultimately dependent on the sun
Each of these systems depend on diffusion and osmosis to move nutrients and water between cells, tissues, and organs systems.

24. Primitive Organisms Process Nutrients and Wastes
Bacteria and fungi digest their food outside the cells
They obtain nutrients by excreting enzymes onto their food.
The enzymes break down complex compounds into simpler ones.

25. Multicellular Organisms Have Digestive Systems
Among animals, digestive systems (absent in sponges) evolved from those with
Single openings
Example: jellyfish and flatworms
Into simple, undifferentiated tubes with two openings
Example: Roundworms
To complex, convoluted tubes with accessory organs
Example: other animals such as humans

27. Symbiosis

28. Animals Use Respiration to Obtain the Gases They Need
Three basic types of systems:
Skin-
the outer body covering
Gills
Outpockets of tissue that work best in water
Lungs
Inpockets of tissue that work best in air
Share two characteristics:
Extensive surface area and thin, moist cell layers to facilitate diffusion

29. Animals Use Respiration to Obtain the Gases They Need
Simple organisms such as hydra and flatworms exchange gases via their skin.

30. Animals Use Respiration to Obtain the Gases They Need
Insects have a system of internal tubes that open to the outside thought spiracles and connect to internal air sacs.

31. Animals Use Respiration to Obtain the Gases They Need
Bony fish bring water with oxygen into mouth and it passes over gills where gaseous exchange occurs.

32. Animals Use Respiration to Obtain the Gases They Need
Mammals use muscles to pump air containing oxygen into the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs.
Structure of lungs increases the surface area.