1. Promoting Climate Resilient Infrastructure
Mainstreaming climate change into national policies and strategies
Ing. Magnus Lincoln Quarshie, FGhIE
Delin Consult Limited
President, West Africa Federation of Engineering Organization (WAFEO)

2. Introduction
Current Trade
Estimates for the
Network (US$
Million) 10

3. Challenges

4. Impacts of Change ClimateIque
NIGERIA
Flooding Outcome A Rain Illuvienne  In  The City Commercial matters At the South-west Of Lagos.The Roads Are Flooded And And The activities Commercial Disturbed - IUin 2015

5. Impacts of Change Climate Change
MALAWI
Flooding Disturbs Hundreds Of Thousands Of People. The population Is Evacuated By canoes to the South Of Malawi - JanVier 2015 

6. Impacts of Change Climate Change
GHANA
CommonOther Affected By Waves Marines, Y Included  Fuveme, Kporkporgbor, Dzita And Anyanui - Volta Region, Ghana - 4 SEfa. 2016

7. Impacts of Change Climate Change
SOMALIA
Thousands Of People Displaced By The Flood Of the River The Shabelle   - MyI 2016 

8. Case Study
Malawi
In 2015, severe rains resulted in a major flood which affected about 1.1 million people in 15 districts in Malawi
This event also resulted in the closure of five (5) major roads and 8 bridges.
The flood cost the government $81m to relieve 638,000 flood victims

9. The Netherlands’ Experience
60% of the Netherlands is vulnerable to flooding (PBL, 2009)
55% of the country lies below sea
The Dutch Department of Transport, Public Works and Water Management instigated the ‘Roads to the Future’ Project.
In September 2003, a 70m stretch of road was built and tested near the North Brabant town of Hedel.

10. Assignment Study corridor is the Abidjan-Lagos corridor
Conduct knowledge and capacity needs assessment in Togo and Benin
Develop training materials
Train participants from ECOWAS countries

11. Why and how Mainstreaming CC into national transport policies and strategies
Session objectives:
To understand the importance of mainstreaming climate change (CC) into Transport planning
To understand the different stages of mainstreaming CC into transport planning
Expected outcomes:
Increased knowledge on mainstreaming stages
Increased knowledge on mainstreaming tools

12. What is mainstreaming, and why mainstream climate change?

13. mainstreaming climate change
In the med-long term, standalone projects are unlikely to meet all adaptation and mitigation requirements in a cost-effective, scalable and sustainable development
Mainstreaming climate change into all development planning, both at strategic planning levels and in local development will be crucial to sustainable development

14. What is mainstreaming?
The mainstream: the dominant or principal course, prevailing, course of action or way of thinking
Mainstreaming: the informed integration of a relevant concerns, ideas or themes into decisions of institutions that drive national, local and sectoral development policy, rules, plans, investment and action (adapted from Dalal-Clayton & Bass 2009)
Institutional strengthening and change and capacity building are at the heart of any mainstreaming effort
Mainstreaming is a multi-year, multi-stakeholder process, geared to change the very nature of a country’s decision-making culture and practices.
Positive aspects associated with NAPAs:
* The preparation of NAPAs raised awareness of climate change and, in the best cases, triggered a process of national consultation and cross-sectoral cooperation – thus contributing to national capacity building.
* Good NAPAs took account of existing coping strategies and their formulation involved stakeholders at the grassroots level.
* Identified projects usually correspond to real priorities and involve wider developmental benefits.
Problems associated with NAPAs:
* Poor institutional arrangements for implementation:
- The body that did the planning is usually not in a position to manage effective implementation.
- Need for coordinated involvement of various Ministries, ideally with support from the Finance & Planning Ministries.
- Need for coordination between the national, regional and district levels.
* Low capacity for adaptation planning and implementation

15. Objectives of mainstreaming
Mainstreaming is a long-term, iterative process aimed at:
transforming ideas
even more importantly, transforming policies, resource allocations and practices
in order to:
promote desired developmental outcomes (with regards to climate change, governance, environment, etc..)
and support integrated solutions to transportation challenges
Dalal-Clayton & Bass 2009: Outcomes of mainstreaming
* Participation and democratic process
* Policy and political outcomes
* Planning outcomes
* Budget outcomes
* Institutional and capacity outcomes
* Investment outcomes
* Behavioural outcomes
* Developmental impacts

16. Why mainstream climate change?
Climate change posses significant threats to national infrastructural and economic development.
Climate change impacts are complex and require coordination across multiple sectors.
Standalone responses to climate change may distort development priorities and foster mal-adaptation and could be expensive in the long term.
Climate resilient and strategically designed infrastructure can yield significant developmental benefits.
Developing countries face the largest risks and impacts, and have the lowest capacity/resources to address them.
Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to respond to climate-related challenges: climate-resilient and low-emission development is needed to achieve sustainable development – and climate change mainstreaming offers the best hope of achieving this kind of development.
Project-based adaptation approaches such as NAPAs have their limitations: more strategic and comprehensive approaches are required.
Coordination needed across sectors and levels of government - and there are implications for resource allocation that require a holistic view of challenges and priorities.

17. Why mainstream climate change at strategic planning levels? (1)
National level
Sector 1
(Transport)
Biophysical impacts
Sector coordination
More:
-integrated
-effective
-efficient
-sustainable
responses
Sector 2
(Economic/Finance)
Allocation of resources across sectors
Socio-economic impacts
Linkages between the biophysical and socio-economic impacts of climate change are such that any specific effect tends to have implications in multiple sectors.
Any response, to be effective, thus also requires intersectoral coordination and integrated approaches.
Scarce resources must be allocated across sectors in the most efficient possible manner.
More integrated responses
* based on a more comprehensive understanding of linkages, opportunities, risks and constraints
More effective responses
* through better coordination across sectors and between various levels of governance
More efficient responses
* through more enlightened prioritisation and allocation of resources
Resulting in more sustainable responses
Sector 3
(Environment)

18. Why mainstream climate change at strategic planning levels? (2)
National level
Sector level
Overall guiding policy framework
Operationalisation and implementation of national policies
National legislation/regulation
Sector-specific legislation/regulation
Exercise of some key functions
Own initiatives, development of capacities & good practices
Management of international relations
Transboundary cooperation on climate-relevant issues
Wider pool of resources
Wider ownership of response
More widespread capacity and institution building
Source: OECD (2009a)

19. Why mainstream climate change at lower levels of governance?
Best levels for observing / understanding development and climate change impacts
Vulnerability and adaptive capacity are context-specific
Sub-national and local levels
Most adaptation options require local implementation
Potential for piloting / pioneering initiatives
Source: OECD (2009a)

20. challenges The prevailing development paradigm
Lack of political will for change
Weak climate change mainstreaming initiatives and precedents to date
Lack of data and information on Climate change -development links
Lack of skills and institutional capacity
Broader governance constraints

21. How mainstreaming climate change ?

22. Finding the entry points and making the case
Mainstreaming CC into policy and planning processes
Meeting the implementation challenge
Preliminary assessments
(i) Understanding the Science of CC
(ii) Understanding climate-related vulnerabilities
Collecting country-specific evidence and influencing policy processes
Mainstreaming CC in (sub)national and sector policies, strategies, programmes
Budgeting and financing
Mainstreaming CC in the budgetary process
Mod1
Mod6
Mod2
Mod8
Mainstreaming CC in monitoring systems
Performance assessment frameworks
Mod4
Raising awareness and building partnerships
National consensus and commitment to climate-resilient, mitigation and adaptation strategy
Mod9
Costing, assessing and selecting adaptation and mitigation options and measures
Supporting policy measures
National, sector and sub-national levels
Mod5
Mod7
Finding the entry points and making the case: understanding the linkages between climate change and national development priorities, as well as understanding governmental, institutional and political contexts and needs.
Evaluating institutions and capacities
Needs assessment
Working mechanisms
Strengthening institutions and capacities
Mainstreaming as standard practice
Strengthening institutions and capacities
Learning by doing
Mod3
Mod3
Mod3
Engaging stakeholders and coordinating within the development community
Government, non-governmental and development actors
Adapted from: UNDP-UNEP (2009) Figure 3.1, p. 14

23. Main entry points in the national and Transport sector policy cycles
Allocate funding for climate-resilient actions
Recognise climate risks
Include climate considera-tions in project selection criteria
Policy cycle stage
National level
Sector level
Transportation Policy formulation
National long-term vision
National Transportation policies and strategies
Sector policies and strategies
Transportation Planning
Multi-year development plan
Sectoral plans
Resource allocation
National budget
Climate-related fund(s)
Sector budget envelopes
Resources from fund(s)
Project/Programming & implementation
Transportation development plans and budgets
Transportation programming
Relocate funding to vulnerable or priority sectors/ regions
Incorporate climate-related activities
Incorporate climate-resilient programmes/ projects
Adapted from: Olhoff & Schaer (2010) Fig. 1, p. 10

24. Entry points for mainstreaming in the policy cycle
Finding the entry points & making the case
Mainstreaming CC into policy & planning processes
Agenda setting
National development planning
Policy making
Implementation & monitoring
Meeting the implementation challenge
Adapted from: UNDP-UNEP (2009) Figure 3.2, p. 15

25. Key institutional requirements for effective mainstreaming
e.g. office of the President, ministries of finance/budget/economic planning
Strong political will at national level
Cross-sectoral & cross-level coordination, cooperation
Integration of new thinking, new research in planning & monitoring systems & processes
Effective mainstreaming
Experience sharing, dissemination of good practices
Strengthening of capacities of stakeholders at various scales
Timely stakeholder participation at various scales

26. Key institutional requirements for effective mainstreaming
Availability and quality of :
Information/ Data on Climate change/ threats and vulnerabilities
climate awareness/information;
socio-economic analyses of key impacts of climate change on infrastructural development
Institutional strengthening and capacity building
assessments of costs and benefits of climate change adaptation activities;
resources and commitment to support continuous capacity building and institutional strengthening
resources and technical capacity
Broad stakeholders engagement at all levels;
Technical support;
A mix of ‘Top-down’ and ‘Bottom-up’ approaches.
Availability and quality of climate information: Involves improving the coverage and quality of climate monitoring data, commissioning assessments of climate change impact, vulnerability and adaptation if they are not already available, and using multi-model ensembles with a clear articulation of associated uncertainties;
Availability of socio-economic analyses of key linkages between climate change, vulnerability, adaptation and development, and the quality of such analyses;
Availability and quality of assessments of costs and benefits of climate change adaptation activities;
The level of engagement of a broad range of stakeholders at all levels;
Availability of resources and commitment to support continuous capacity building and institutional strengthening;
Existence of and possibility for technical support;
Availability of resources and technical capacity – to support cost analysis of relevant response options for integrating climate change adaptation into development; and
A combination of‘Top-down’and‘Bottom-up’approaches.

27. Key stakeholders Ministries of Finance, Planning, Development
Ministries with sector-specific competences
Sector management agencies
Donor agencies
Members of Parliament
Sub-national / local governments
Civil society organisations
Local citizens
& organisations
Private sector
Research
organisations
Local private sector

28. Top-down and bottom-up approaches to adaptation
National policies & strategies
National level incl. sectors
Stakeholder approach
Focused on prevailing socio- economic & environmental conditions and vulnerability
Model- and scenario-driven
Focused on physical impacts and ‘biophysical vulnerability’
Climate Resilient Infrastructure
Top-down
Bottom-up
Subnational levels (local government)
Community-based adaptation, pilot projects
Freely adapted from Dessai & Hulme (2004)

29. Roles & responsibilities of main stakeholders
Stakeholder group
Main roles & responsibilities
Central government (incl. office of president, ministries of finance/budget/planning, ...)
Leadership, performance management frameworks
Policies, standards & regulations
Allocation of budget resources
Guidance & capacity building
Local governments
Implementation of national policies
Integration with community strategies
Private sector
Preparation for losses & opportunities, risk mngt
Contribution to sustainable investments & vulnerability reduction through development
Scientific & academic organisations
Policy-oriented research
Support for decision making
Investment promotion agencies
Climate-proofing of investments, bridging of development gaps
Adapted from: Schipper et al (2008)

30. Turning words into action

31. Discussion Questions and answers
Mainstreaming climate change into national policies and strategies
What are the opportunities to mainstreaming climate change in your sector or at your level and what are the institutional and capacity needs in your organisation to do so?

32. Presentation of case studies
Presentation of case studies of strategic documents that have mainstreamed climate change
identification of best practices in mainstreaming climate change

33. Learning process exercise: Working group
Exercise: How can the development of climate resilient infrastructure be mainstreamed into Transportation policies and strategies in your country?

34. Recap – Key points
There is a strong case for mainstreaming climate change into all development planning
There are entry points for mainstreaming climate change at all stages of the policy cycle
Mainstreaming climate change at strategic planning levels supports more integrated, effective, efficient and sustainable responses
But top-down and bottom-up approaches to adaptation are complementary and mainstreaming is also justified at local level
Evidence supports both the engagement of key actors and the development of a communication and advocacy strategy

35. Key references
EC (2009a) EC Cooperation: Responding to Climate Change – ‘Sector scripts’ series. European Commission, Brussels
EC (2009b) Guidelines on the Integration of Environment and Climate Change in Development Cooperation. European Commission, Brussels
OECD (2012) : Integrating Climate change Adaptation into Development Co-operation, policy guidance, revised version
UNDP (2011) Practitioner’s Guide: Capacity Development for Environmental Sustainability. United Nations Development Programme, New York
UNDP-UNEP (2011) Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change into Development Planning: A Guide for Practitioners. UNDP-UNEP Poverty-Environment Initiative
UNDP – Integrating environment into development: