1. Civil-Military Relations in Brazil, Turkey and Pakistan
Gp Capt M Khurram Shahzad

2. Outline
Background
Military Prerogatives
Comparison
Analysis
Questions

3. Background Civilian government in 1980s
Militaries continued to assert influence in domestic politics.
Democratic reforms
Diverse end state
Degree of civilian control / oversight mechanism and military institutional autonomy?

4. Military’s Prerogative
Stepan’s Framework 1
Institutional prerogatives / liberties of military as an institution according to the Constitution
Acquired rights or privileges to exercise its institutional autonomy or control with in the military domain, as well as with in the overall affairs of state and society
A useful tool to examine the military as an institution in political scenario of a country
Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress
“High” - Constitutionally granted autonomy or role of military, enhanced through military rule or interference in politics
“Medium” - Civilian control as characterized in law
“Low” - Prevented/ eroded through overpowering civilian control
1. Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone, 93.

5. Military’s Prerogative
Constitutionally sanctioned independent role of the military in political system
Medium
Low
Relationship of the military to the head of the executive
High
Coordination of defense sector within the executive
Active-duty military participation in the Cabinet
Role of military in the legislature
Role of military in the intelligence services
Relationship with Police
Role in military promotions
Role of military in State enterprises
Role in legal system

6. Analysis Operating like other democracies in the realm of CMR
Brazil
Operating like other democracies in the realm of CMR
Balanced civilian control / oversight mechanism
Turkey
Military is under subjective civilian control
Autonomy as an institution
Impact on professionalism and operational effectiveness
Discontent
Pakistan
Increased influence in politics
Disregard of civilian control / supremacy

7. The End