1. Introduction to Criminology
By: Denief S. Vergara

2. Logos - which means study.
Criminology
It is derived from the Latin word “Krimen” which can be translated to offense. and
Logos - which means study.
It was coined by anthropologist named Paul Topinard in 1889.

3. Criminology
Criminology is the scientific study of criminals, criminal behavior and its causes.
Criminology, is a body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as a social phenomenon.

4. It may also refers to the study of crimes and criminals and the attempt of analyzing scientifically their causes and control and the treatment of criminals.

5. Definition of key terms
Crime
It is an act or omission in violation of public laws.
Felony
It refers to an act or omission punishable by revised penal code.
Offense
It is an act or omission punishable by special penal law.
Misdemeanor/infraction/delinquency
It is act or omission in violation of simple rules and regulation.

6. DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY
The discipline of criminology has evolved in three phases, beginning in the 18th century.
Although crime and criminals have been around for as long as societies have existed, the systematic study of these phenomena did not begin until the late 1700s.

7. Prior to that time, most explanations of crime equated it with sin.
Sin – the violation of a sacred obligation.

8. First Phase
The first phase involved when scholars first distinguished crime from sin, they made possible explanations of criminal behavior that were not theological (religious).

9. This, in turn, allowed for the dispassionate, scientific study of why crime occurs.
The development of this study is now known as the era of classical criminology.

10. Second Phase
The second phase, which began in the 19th century, is referred to as modern criminology.
During this era, criminology distinguished itself as a subspecialty within the emerging disciplines of psychology, sociology, and economics.

11. Scholars formed criminological societies and founded criminology journals.
Criminologists conducted empirical tests (observations or experiments) of their theories, rather than relying solely on speculation, and consequently developed a wide range of theories.

12. The third phase, beginning in the second half of the 20th century, may best be called independent criminology.
During this period, criminology began to assert its independence from the traditional disciplines that spawned it

13. In Western Europe, the United States, and Canada, criminologists expanded their professional associations and published an increasing number of journals.

14. Criminological theories have become more multidisciplinary (spanning various fields of study) because independent criminologists seek to understand crime itself rather than study crime as one aspect of an overall sociological or psychological theory.

15. THE GOALS OF CRIMINOLOGY
The classical criminologists of the 18th century were primarily concerned with ending brutality and inequality against criminals by enforcing limitations on government power.

16. They believed that criminal behavior was the product of the offender’s rational choice, and that crime could be prevented through the speedy and certain application of penalties that attached painful and unattractive consequences to such behavior.

17. Contemporary scholars believe that criminal motivation is the product of one or more of a complex set of factors.
These factors are so numerous and so varied that no system of classification can describe the current theories of crime causation with complete accuracy.

18. However, broadly speaking, these theories may be considered in one of the following three categories;
theories attributing criminal behavior to biological or congenital (inherited) defects of the offender.
theories relating crime to psychological factors or mental disorders,
And
theories relating crime to environmental or social factors.

19. Many criminologists have suggested theories of multiple causation involving factors from more than one of these categories.

20. IMPORTANT AREAS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY
The development of criminal law and in defining crime.
The cause of law violation, and
Methods used in controlling criminal behavior.

21. The criminal behavior systems of criminology involve research on specific criminal types and patterns, such as violent crimes, theft and others

22. PRINCIPAL COMPONENT OF CRIMINOLOGY

23. Criminal Etiology
Criminal Etiology involved the application of scientific analysis of the causes of crime.
An individual perpetrating a crime had no single reason;
hence, there is no single and only explanation of causes of crimes.
A different theory has evolved in studying the causes of crime such as Biological, Sociological and Psychological Theories.

24. Sociology of Law
Sociology of law entails the importance of law or the criminal law as a process of formal social control.
Criminal law seeks to protect the public from harm by inflicting punishment upon those who are tempted to do harm.
Thus, criminal law often strives to avoid harm by forbidding conduct that may lead to harmful results.

25. Penology
Penology, the study of criminal punishment, is a sub-field of criminology.
Criminologists theorize about why people commit crimes and deviate from society’s norms of behavior.
They also study how society punishes criminals because different methods of punishment may cause people to alter their behavior in different ways.

26. Thus, criminologists devise theories that not only explain the causes of crime but also address its prevention, control and treatment.

27. Today, one more are of concern in Criminology is crime detection and investigation.
Criminologists are also engaged in studying the criminal things.
Forensic Science, sometimes referred to as Criminalistics, is therefore covered in the broad field of criminology.

28. WHAT IS THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN CRIMINOLOGY AND A CRIMINALISTICS?

29. Distinction Between Criminology and Criminalistics
applied science
use practical and technological theories.
study of criminal things.
social science
deals more on theories
study of criminal people

30. A Criminologist is distinct from a Criminalist.
Question:
Who is a Criminalist?
Answer:
A CRIMINALIST is a person who is trained in the application of instruments and methods essential in detecting and investigating crimes.

31. IMPORTANCE AND PURPOSES OF STUDYNG CRIMINOLOGY
Studying crime is very important, not only to criminologists.
Criminologists and non-criminologists study crime because of various reasons.
If we generalize these, they will fall on any of these reasons:

32. Criminology can be a source of philosophy of life.
The knowledge derived from studying crime is a good foundation for an individual’s philosophy and lifestyle.

33. Criminology is a profession not only for social service but for legal practice as well.
People, study criminology because criminals are legitimate object of interest.
They should be understood in order to know how to control them.

34. Authorities should know a bit of criminology because crime is a very expensive problem of the society.
The value of property lost, medical expenses, insurances, moving costs, and intangible costs of pain and suffering is too high as a result of victimization.

35. Studying criminology is aimed towards the following:
The primary aim is to prevent the crime problem.
To understand crimes and criminals which is basic to knowing the actions to be done to prevent them.
To prepare for a career in law enforcement and scientific crime detection.

36. To develop an understanding of the constitutional guarantees and due process of law in the administration of justice.
To foster a higher concept of citizenry and leadership together with an understanding of one moral and legal responsibilities to his fellowmen, his community and the nation.

37. In reality, there are many and varied purpose of studying criminology.
However, all these purposes fall on either of the two (2) primary aims of studying criminology.
To understand crimes and criminals.
To prevent the occurrence of crime.

38. NATURE AND SCOPE OF CRIMINOLOGY
In 1889, an anthropologist named Paul Topinard, introduces the term criminology in the English language. He derived the word from the latin word Crimen (Krimen) , which can be translated to offense.

39. The scope of Criminology covers:
According to Prof. Cirilo Tradio, Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.
The scope of Criminology covers:
the making of laws
the breaking of laws
the reaction towards the breaking of laws

40. Criminology is the study of crime and its various aspects.
According to Edwin Sutherland, it is the science regarding crime and delinquency as a social phenomenon.
This is a field that addresses the issue of crime and criminal behavior and attempts to define explain and predict it.

41. Understanding crime is a complicated matter just like other social broad sciences.
It requires therefore a systematic and balanced knowledge in the examination of why crime exists.

42. Nature of criminology

43. An Applied Science
anthropology, psychology, sociology and other natural sciences may be applied in the study of the causes of crime while chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics, etc. may be utilized in crime detection.

44. A Social Science
in as much as crime is a creation of the society and that it exists in a society, its study must be considered a part of social science.

45. Dynamic Criminology changes as social condition changes.
That means the progress of criminology is concordant with the advancement of other sciences that has been applied to it.

46. Nationalistic
the study of crime must always conform to the existing criminal law of the land.

47. But over the years, the study of crime has been dominated by:
Criminology is a multidisciplinary study of crimes.
But over the years, the study of crime has been dominated by:

48. Sociology (Sociological Criminology)
this is the study of crime focused on the group of people and society as a whole.
It is primarily based on the examination of the relationship of demographic and group variables to crime.

49. Variables are, socioeconomic status, interpersonal relationships, age,
race,
gender, and
cultural groups of people
time,
place,
and circumstances surrounding the crime.

50. Psychology (Psychological Criminology)
This is the science of behavior and mental processes of the criminal.

51. Psychiatry (Psychiatric Criminology).
the study of criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives;
forensic psychiatry.

52. CHAPTER TWO
CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY

53. WHAT IS CRIME?
In the legal point of view, it refers to any violation or infraction of the existing policies, laws, rules and regulations of the society.

54. following characteristics of crime:
Criminality is a serious problem. This maybe explained by the
following characteristics of crime:

55. Crime is a worldwide phenomenon.
It does not respect
Age
Sex
Culture
customs and tradition
race, and
religion of the society.
Crime is a worldwide phenomenon.

56. It occurs in all the existing economic strata.
Its causes are multifarious.
It is difficult to eradicate.

57. People cannot avoid offending others.
Some offensive actions are considered abnormal behavior while some are classified as crime.

58. What therefore is the requirement before an act is considered a crime?

59. The following is the “Differentiae” of crime:
There is a certain external consequence or harm.
Physical injury
the most obvious external consequence of an offensive action.
The harm must be legally forbidden and prescribed by law.
There must be a conduct
there must be an intentional or reckless action that results to harmful consequence.

60. “Mens Rea” must be present.
There must be a fusion or concurrence of mens rea and conduct.
There must be a casual relationship between the legally forbidden harm and the voluntary misconduct.
There must be legally prescribed punishment of the misconduct.

61. CLOSE EXAMINATION OF CRIME

62. Before saying that a crime has been committed,
You must have a “personal knowledge” of the its actual commission or that you must have caught the offender “in flagrante delicto”.

63. An act can only be called as crime if
there is a law that defines it,
prohibit its commission, and
provides punishment for its commission.

64. In a criminal act, there should be
malicious intent – a harmful consequence (oppressive outcome of an act) is an inherent result.
There should be a continuity of the criminal act before an offender is criminally charged.

65. RELATIVITY OF CRIME

66. What are the changing concepts of crime and criminal laws?
Most of the existing laws define acts as crimes when some acts were not crimes a few years ago.
Laws differ from jurisdiction to another and so with acts, which are considered as crimes.

67. Interpretation and implementation of laws vary in terms of:
characteristics of crime
status of offenders
Age
status of enforcers

68. GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMES

69. As to atrocity – severity of the criminal act or offense
grave offense
less grave offense
minor or light offense

70. As to intent crime mala in se crime mala prohibita
acts which are evil in themselves
crime mala prohibita
acts which are prohibited because the law has defined it to be a crime.

71. As to Motive economic crimes sexual crimes political crimes
miscellaneous crimes

72. As to Statistical Purpose
crimes against
property
public order
persons
security
morals
chastity

73. As to Penalty crimes punishable by afflictive penalties
correctional penalties
light penalties

74. CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME

75. Crimes are classified in order to focus a better understanding on their existence.
Criminologists consider the following as criminological classification of crimes.

76. Acquisitive Crime Extinctive Crime Seasonal Crime
when the offender acquires something as a consequence of his criminal act.
Extinctive Crime
when the result of the criminal act is destruction.
Seasonal Crime
committed only at a certain period of the year.

77. Situational Crime Episodal Crime Instant Crime
committed only when given a situation conducive to its commission.
Episodal Crime
serial crime, committed by series of acts within a lengthy period of time.
Instant Crime
committed the shortest possible time.

78. Static Crime Continuing Crime Rational Crime
committed only in one place.
Continuing Crime
committed in several places.
Rational Crime
committed with intent; offender is in full possession of his mental faculties.

79. Irrational Crime White Collar Crime Blue Collar Crime
committed without intent; offender does not know the nature of his act.
White Collar Crime
committed by a person of responsibility in the course of his occupation.
Blue Collar Crime
committed by ordinary professional to maintain their livelihood.

80. Upper World Crime Under World Crime
committed by individuals belonging to the upper class of society.
Under World Crime
committed by members of the lower or under privilege class of society.

81. Occupational (service related) Crime
Crime by Imitation
“copy cat” crime, committed by mere duplication of what was done by others.
Crime by Passion
committed because of the fit of great emotion, such as anger
Occupational (service related) Crime
committed by rendering all service to satisfy the desire of another.

82. OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

83. Crimes due to changing society (social change) Emergency Crimes
Traditional Crimes
crimes that are committed every now and then.
Crimes due to changing society (social change)
poverty crimes.
Emergency Crimes
crimes that are committed to take advantage of an abnormal situation, or the nature of a social problem, or the vulnerability of a person or group of persons.

84. HOW ARE CRIMES COMMITTED UNDER THE RPC?

85. Crimes are committed by means of:
Dolo
deceit
Culpa
fault (when wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight, or lack of skill)

86. WHAT IS A VICTIMLESS CRIME?
Victimless crime refers to acts committed by consenting adults in private.
In victimless crimes, the acts involve only the participants and do not directly harm others.
Examples are:
drug addiction,
prostitution and
gambling.

87. WHAT ARE INDEX CRIMES? Index crimes are violent crimes.
Criminal acts that involve threats or actual physical harm to a victim by an offender.
It presents not only offenses that we recognize as violent (murder, rape, robbery) or other acts involving force and intimidation but also “violent crimes” that are commonly considered as “social problems” such as domestic violence, child abuse, elder abuse, etc.

88. WHO IS A CRIMINAL?
On the basis of the definition of crime, a criminal may be defined in three ways:
A Criminal is a person who has committed a crime and has been convicted of final judgment by a competent court.
A Criminal is a person who violated a social norm or one who acted an anti-social act.
A Criminal is one who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral maladjustment.

89. CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINALS

90. Acute Criminal Chronic Criminal Based on Etiology
one who violates a criminal law by impulse or due to fit of passion.
Chronic Criminal
one who acted with deliberation or premeditation, one who plans the crime ahead of time.

91. Based on Behavioral System:
Ordinary Criminal
considered as the lowest mammal in the criminal profession; he was forced by opportunity pushed to commit crime.
Professional Criminal
one who is engaged in criminal activities with high degree of skill; he uses crime to maintain a living

92. Based on Mental Attitude:
Active Criminal
one who commits crime due to aggressiveness
Passive Criminal
one who commits crime because they are forced by a reward or promise.
Socialized Delinquent
individual with defective socialization process or development thus he lacks proper moral values or ethical standards.

93. Other Classification of Criminals:
Accidental Criminal
one who commits crime when the situation is conducive
Habitual Criminal
one who consciously developed the habit of committing crime due to lack of self-control.

94. WHAT IS CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR?
Criminal behavior is an intentional behavior that violates the criminal law.
Criminal behavior, therefore, is beyond normal behavior since it is used to describe conducts or actions that do not belong to the standard behavior of man.

95. GENERAL APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF CRIME
There are numerous theories that must be considered in studying the causes of crimes.
There is a need, therefore, to categorize or group these theories for the purpose of more systematic and simplified discussion.

96. The three general groups of criminological approaches are:
Subjective
objective and
contemporary approaches.

97. SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES
Subjective approaches deal mainly on the biological explanation of crimes.
Subjective explanations are focused on identifying the forms of abnormalities that was experienced by criminals before, during and after committing the crime.

98. The following are the subjective approaches:

99. Anthropological Approach
focused in studying the physical characteristics of offenders in the attempt to discover physical differences between criminals and non-criminals. (Earnest Hooton’s theory)

100. Medical Approach
the application of medical examinations on offenders in order to explain the mental and physical condition of the individual prior and after committing a crime. (Positivist Theory)

101. Biological Approach
the evaluation of genetics in explaining criminal behavior; under this approach, heredity is the main factor that push people to commit crimes. (Positivist Theory)

102. Physiological Approach
focused on the study of the nature of human beings – how they satisfy their physical needs;
this approach explains that the cause of crimes is the deprivation of the physical body from the basic needs of life. (Maslow’s Theory)

103. Psychological Approach
explains that development of criminal behavior (deviations of normal behavior resulting to unpleasant emotions) is caused by deprivation from psychological needs of man. (Theories of Freud and Maslow)

104. Psychiatric Approach
cause of the criminal behavior, according to this approach, is mental disease as diagnosed by a trained authorized person. (Positivist Theory)

105. Psychoanalytical Approach
explanation of crime is based on the Freudian Theory – this theory states that criminal behavior is caused by repression (suppression) of the basic drives. (Freud’s Theory)

106. They are primarily derived from social sciences.
OBJECTIVE APPROACHES
These approaches deal on the study of groups, social processes and institutions as factors that influence the human behavior.
They are primarily derived from social sciences.

107. Geographic Approach
topography, natural resources, geographical location, and climate are factors that lead a person to commit crime. (Adolph Quetelet Theory)

108. Ecological Approach
the biotic grouping of men resulting to migration, competition, social discrimination, division of labor, and social conflict are factors that cause crime. (Ezra Park’s Theory)

109. Economic Approach
financial insecurity and inadequacy of the necessities to support life are important factors to criminality. (Robert King Merton’s Thoery)

110. Socio-Cultural Approach
causes of crimes can be traced from the effects of institutions, economics, education, politics, and religion to the people. (Albert Cohen’s Theory)

111. CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
Criminologists today put emphasis on scientific explanation of crime and criminal behavior.
Contemporary approaches are focused on the psychoanalytical, psychiatric, and sociological explanations of crime in an integrated theory.
Integrated theory is an explanatory statement that combines ideas or concepts from different sources.

112. THEORIES OF CRIME

113. Demonological Theory
Individuals were thought to be possessed by good or evil spirits, which caused good or evil spirits

114. Neo-Classical Theory
Children and lunatics cannot calculate pain and pleasure, therefore, must be exempted from criminal liability.

115. Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham
Classical Theory
Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarian Hedonism which explains that a person always acts in such a way as to seek pleasure and avoid pain. (Bentham)
Men are rational being who has the freewill to choose between good or evil. (Beccaria)

116. Raffaele Garofalo, Enrico Ferri and Cesare Lombroso
Positivists Theory
Raffaele Garofalo, Enrico Ferri and Cesare Lombroso
Criminals are like sick people who requires rehabilitation rather than the imposition of punishment.

117. Crime is an important ingredient to all healthy societies.
Anomie Theory
Emile Durkheim
Crime is an important ingredient to all healthy societies.

118. Psychoanalytical Theory
Sigmund Freud
Crime is a symbolic expression of one’s inner tension which a person but fails to control.

119. Heredity is the primary determinant of one’s behavior and
Somatotyping Theory
William Sheldon
Heredity is the primary determinant of one’s behavior and
body physique is a reliable indicator of one’s personality.

120. Differential Association Theory
Edwin Sutherland
Criminal behavior is learned through social interaction in the process of communication.

121. Strain Theory
Robert King Merton
It maintains that the failure of a man to achieve a higher status of life caused them to commit crimes in order for that status or goal to be attained.

122. Cartographical School of Criminology
Adolphe Quetelet
Crimes against person increase during summer and crimes against property increase during winter.

123. General Inferiority Theory
Earnest Hooton
Criminals are originally inferior and that crime is the result of the impact of the environment.

124. Humans, like other animals, are parasites.
Evolution Theory
Charles Darwin
Humans, like other animals, are parasites.
Man is an organism having an animalistic behavior that is dependent on other animals for survival. Thus, man kills and steals to live.

125. Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin Lemert and Howard Becker
Labeling Theory
Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin Lemert and Howard Becker
Behavior becomes criminal if it is labeled as such.

126. Differential Opportunity Theory
Lloyd Ohlin
It explains that society leads the lower class to want things and society does things to people.

127. Human Ecology Theory
Robert Ezra Park
It maintains that crime is a function of social change that occurs along with environmental change.
It maintains that isolation, segregation, competition, conflict, social contract, interaction and social hierarchy of people are the major influences of criminal behavior and crimes.

128. Containment Theory
Walter Reckless
This theory is a form of control, which suggests that a series of both internal and external factors contributes to criminal behavior.

129. Thank you……..! Good luck for your midterm examination1