1. Chordata

2. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata
Vertebrata
tunicates
lancets
Agnathans
Fish
Sharks
tetrapods

3. Characteristics of Chordates

4. Possible evolution of 1st fish
lancelet
Proto-vertebrate
Tunicate larvae
Adult tunicate

6. Early Chordate ancestor may have given rise to 1st vertebrate
Pikaia
Burgess Shale Fauna
Cambrian
mya

7. General Features Shared by Chordates:
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Bilateral- deuterstomes
Heterotrophic

8. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates
Class Ascidiacea - Sea Squirts
Solitary e.g. Styela montereyensis
Colonial - in groups but with own tunic
Compound Colonial - colonial with shared
tunic
Class Thaliacea - Salps (free swimming),
planktonic
Class Larvacea - Gelatinous house, planktonic

9. Subphylum Urochordata
tunicate

10. Subphylum Urochordata = tunicate
Tunicate - also called 'sea squirt'
notochord is confined to the tail
notochord is lost during metamorphosis into sessile adult
possess pharyngeal slits
Repro- sexual (hermaphroditic) & asexual (budding)

11. Tunicate Adult Anatomy

12. Tunicates: Free swimming larva:
notochord present only in free-swimming  larvum
notochord does not extend into head
larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding
adult is sessile filter feeder
Settled larva:
Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence. 
Attaches at anterior end. 
Metamorphosis begins. 
Body turns 1800. 
Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.

14. Class Larvacea - planktonic
Oikopleura

15. Class Larvacea - Gelatinous house, planktonic
Jelly-like house
Oikopleura
Marine snow

16. Class Thaliacea - Salps (free swimming), planktonic
Pyrosoma- bioluminescent
Colonial salp

17. Class Ascidiacea - Sea Squirts

18. Subphylum Cephalochordata
lancet
Strictly marine
Live buried in sand with head sticking out
Filter feeders

19. Lancet Anatomy

20. Vertebrate Higher Classification
Superclass Agnatha - without jaws
Class Myxini – hagfishes
Class Cephalaspidomorphi – lampreys
Superclass Gnathostomata – with jaws
Class Chondrichthyes – sharks, rays, chimaeras
Class Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes
Class Sarcopterygii – lobe-fin fishes
Class Amphibia – frogs, salamanders
Class Reptilia – snakes, lizards, crocodiles
Class Aves - birds
Class Mammalia - mammals

21. Agnatha (jawless fishes)
Lack: paired fins, scales, & well developed vertebrae
Hagfish (slime eels)
Mucus for protection
Feed on decaying flesh
Lampreys
Parasitic
Anadromous
Marine adults, breed in freshwater

22. Class Chondrichthyes Subphylum Vertebrata Sharks, skates, rays,
chimera

23. Heterocercal tail Two dorsal fins Paired pectorals 5-7 gill slits
Chondrichthyes
(cartilagenous fishes)
Heterocercal tail
Two dorsal fins
Paired pectorals
5-7 gill slits
ureoosmotic

25. Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
Swim bladder
Operculum (gill cover)
Homocercal tail
Scales of bony origin
Smooth cycloid
Spiny ctenoid

26. Swim
bladder
Dorsal fin
Adipose fin
(characteristic
of trout)
Caudal
fin
Spinal cord
Brain
Nostril
Cut edge
of operculum
Anal fin
Liver
Lateral
line
Gills
Anus
Heart
Gonad
Stomach
Urinary
bladder
Pelvic
fin
Kidney
Intestine

27. Returns to water to breed Metamorphosis Some toxic
Class Amphibia
Characteristics
Cold blooded
Returns to water to breed
Metamorphosis
Some toxic
Estivation-dry and hot
Hibernation- cold
3,500 species

28. Class Amphibia Mudpuppy (salamander) salamander newt Poison arrow frog
Rana cancrivora
Coqui

29. 3 chambered heart (except crocks)
Class Reptilia
Characteristics
Cold blooded
Have scales
Amniotic egg
Dry skin
3 chambered heart (except crocks)
6,500 species

30. Class Reptilia Marine iguana Saltwater crocodile Marine turtle
Sea snake

31. Warm blooded Feathers and wings Hollow bones Horny bill
Class Aves
Characteristics
Warm blooded
Feathers and wings
Hollow bones
Horny bill
Lungs have air sacks
Hard egg shell

32. Class Aves

33. Warm blooded Have fur or hair Suckle young 3 middle ear bones
Class Mammalia
Characteristics
Warm blooded
Have fur or hair
Suckle young
3 middle ear bones
A Guide to characteristics of Class Mammalia
The Class Mammalia is well represented in Southern Africa. There are 293 species of land mammals and 37 species of marine mammals in the Southern African subregion. That is 330 of the around 5000 mammal species found on Earth!
Class Mammalia -- all mammals share three characteristics not found in other animals: 3 middle ear bones; hair; and the production of milk by modified sweat glands called mammary glands.
Mammals hear sounds after they are transmitted from the outside world to their inner ears by a chain of three bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes. Two of these, the malleus and incus, are derived from bones involved in jaw articulation in most other vertebrates.
Mammals have hair. Adults of some species lose most of their hair, but hair is present at least during some phase of the ontogeny of all species. Mammalian hair, made of a protein called keratin, serves at least four functions. First, it slows the exchange of heat with the environment (insulation). Second, specialized hairs (whiskers or "vibrissae") have a sensory function, letting the owner know when it is in contact with an object in its external environment. These hairs are often richly innervated and well-supplied with muscles that control their position. Third, through their color and pattern, hairs affect the appearance of a mammal. They may serve to camouflage, to announce the presence of especially good defense systems (for example, the conspicuous color pattern of a skunk is a warning to predators), or to communicate social information (for example, threats, such as the erect hair on the back of a wolf; sex, such as the different colors of male and female capuchin monkeys; presence of danger, such as the white underside of the tail of a whitetailed deer). Fourth, hair provides some protection, either simply by providing an additional protective layer (against abrasion or sunburn, for example) or by taking on the form of dangerous spines that deter predators (porcupines, spiny rats, others).
Mammals feed their newborn young with milk, a substance rich in fats and protein that is produced by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. These glands, which take a variety of shapes, are usually located on the ventral surface of females along paths that run from the chest region to the groin. They vary in number from two (one right, one left, as in humans) to a dozen or more.
Other characteristics found in most mammals include highly differentiated teeth; teeth are replaced just once during an individual's life (this condition is called diphyodonty, and the first set is called "milk teeth); a lower jaw made up of a single bone, the dentary; four-chambered hearts, a secondary palate separating air and food passages in the mouth; a muscular diaphragm separating thoracic and abdominal cavities; highly developed brain; endothermy and homeothermy; separate sexes with the sex of an embryo being determined by the presence of a Y or 2 X chromosomes; and internal fertilization.
The Class Mammalia includes around 5000 species placed in 26 orders (systematists do not yet agree on the exact number or on how some orders are related to others). Mammals can be found in all continents and seas. In part because of their high metabolic rates (associated with homeothermy and endothermy), they often play an ecological role that seems disproportionately large compared to their numerical abundance.
Subclass Prototheria - Not represented in southern Africa
Order Monotremata -- Monotremes: platypus and echidnas
Subclass Metatheria (marsupials) - Not represented in southern Africa
Order Didelphimorphia
Order Paucituberculata
Order Microbiotheria
Order Dasyuromorphia
Order Peramelemorphia
Order Notoryctemorphia
Order Diprotodontia
Subclass Eutheria (placentals)
Order Insectivora -- Insectivores: shrews, moles, hedgehogs, tenrecs, etc.
Order Macroscelidea -- elephant shrews
Order Scandentia -- tree shrews
Order Dermoptera -- colugos
Order Chiroptera --bats
Order Primates --primates
Order Xenarthra -- edentates; sloths, armadillos and anteaters
Order Pholidota -- pangolins
Order Lagomorpha -- rabbits and pikas
Order Rodentia -- rodents
Order Cetacea -- whales, dolphins, and porpoises
Order Carnivora -- carnivores
Order Tubulidentata -- aardvark
Order Proboscidea -- elephants
Order Hyracoidea -- hyraxes
Order Sirenia -- dugongs and manatees
Order Perissodactyla -- horses, rhinos, tapirs
Order Artiodactyla -- antelope, giraffe, camels, pigs, hippos, etc.

34. Protheria- echidna & platypus Metatheria- marsupial
Class Mammalia
Subclasses
Protheria- echidna & platypus
Metatheria- marsupial
Eutheria- true mammals
A Guide to characteristics of Class Mammalia
The Class Mammalia is well represented in Southern Africa. There are 293 species of land mammals and 37 species of marine mammals in the Southern African subregion. That is 330 of the around 5000 mammal species found on Earth!
Class Mammalia -- all mammals share three characteristics not found in other animals: 3 middle ear bones; hair; and the production of milk by modified sweat glands called mammary glands.
Mammals hear sounds after they are transmitted from the outside world to their inner ears by a chain of three bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes. Two of these, the malleus and incus, are derived from bones involved in jaw articulation in most other vertebrates.
Mammals have hair. Adults of some species lose most of their hair, but hair is present at least during some phase of the ontogeny of all species. Mammalian hair, made of a protein called keratin, serves at least four functions. First, it slows the exchange of heat with the environment (insulation). Second, specialized hairs (whiskers or "vibrissae") have a sensory function, letting the owner know when it is in contact with an object in its external environment. These hairs are often richly innervated and well-supplied with muscles that control their position. Third, through their color and pattern, hairs affect the appearance of a mammal. They may serve to camouflage, to announce the presence of especially good defense systems (for example, the conspicuous color pattern of a skunk is a warning to predators), or to communicate social information (for example, threats, such as the erect hair on the back of a wolf; sex, such as the different colors of male and female capuchin monkeys; presence of danger, such as the white underside of the tail of a whitetailed deer). Fourth, hair provides some protection, either simply by providing an additional protective layer (against abrasion or sunburn, for example) or by taking on the form of dangerous spines that deter predators (porcupines, spiny rats, others).
Mammals feed their newborn young with milk, a substance rich in fats and protein that is produced by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. These glands, which take a variety of shapes, are usually located on the ventral surface of females along paths that run from the chest region to the groin. They vary in number from two (one right, one left, as in humans) to a dozen or more.
Other characteristics found in most mammals include highly differentiated teeth; teeth are replaced just once during an individual's life (this condition is called diphyodonty, and the first set is called "milk teeth); a lower jaw made up of a single bone, the dentary; four-chambered hearts, a secondary palate separating air and food passages in the mouth; a muscular diaphragm separating thoracic and abdominal cavities; highly developed brain; endothermy and homeothermy; separate sexes with the sex of an embryo being determined by the presence of a Y or 2 X chromosomes; and internal fertilization.
The Class Mammalia includes around 5000 species placed in 26 orders (systematists do not yet agree on the exact number or on how some orders are related to others). Mammals can be found in all continents and seas. In part because of their high metabolic rates (associated with homeothermy and endothermy), they often play an ecological role that seems disproportionately large compared to their numerical abundance.
Subclass Prototheria - Not represented in southern Africa
Order Monotremata -- Monotremes: platypus and echidnas
Subclass Metatheria (marsupials) - Not represented in southern Africa
Order Didelphimorphia
Order Paucituberculata
Order Microbiotheria
Order Dasyuromorphia
Order Peramelemorphia
Order Notoryctemorphia
Order Diprotodontia
Subclass Eutheria (placentals)
Order Insectivora -- Insectivores: shrews, moles, hedgehogs, tenrecs, etc.
Order Macroscelidea -- elephant shrews
Order Scandentia -- tree shrews
Order Dermoptera -- colugos
Order Chiroptera --bats
Order Primates --primates
Order Xenarthra -- edentates; sloths, armadillos and anteaters
Order Pholidota -- pangolins
Order Lagomorpha -- rabbits and pikas
Order Rodentia -- rodents
Order Cetacea -- whales, dolphins, and porpoises
Order Carnivora -- carnivores
Order Tubulidentata -- aardvark
Order Proboscidea -- elephants
Order Hyracoidea -- hyraxes
Order Sirenia -- dugongs and manatees
Order Perissodactyla -- horses, rhinos, tapirs
Order Artiodactyla -- antelope, giraffe, camels, pigs, hippos, etc.