1. Phylum Chordata
The chordates

2. Five Chordate Hallmarks
Notochord – flexible rodlike structure; extending length of body

3. Five Chordate Hallmarks
Dorsal tubular nerve cord

4. Five Chordate Hallmarks
Pharyngeal pouches and gill slits

5. Five Chordate Hallmarks
Endostyle or thyroid gland – secretes mucous that traps food particles in pharyngeal cavity

6. Five Chordate Hallmarks
Postanal tail – tail extends beyond anus

7. Sixth Chordate Feature
Ventral Heart – heart located ventrally

8. Higher Classification of Chordata
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata – tunicates, sea squirts
Subphylum Cephalachordata – lancelets
Subphlum Vertebrata- vertebrates

9. Urochordate Characteristics
Have a notochord and nerve chord during tadpole stage. Adults lack notochord and nerve chord.
Most chordate features found in the free living acidian larva
Adults sessile filter feeders
Also known as Tunicates.

10. Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets

11. Cephalochordate Characteristics
Notochord and nerve cord found along entire length of body, persists throughout life
Fish-like in form
Includes the lancelets (amphioxus)

12. Amphioxus

13. Subphylum Vertebrata
The Vertebrates

14. Vertebrate Characteristics
Bony or cartilaginous vertebrae surrounding spinal cord
Notochord only in embryonic stages, persisting in some fishes
Two superclasses according to presence of jaws

15. Vertebrate Higher Classification
Superclass Agnatha - without jaws
- Teeth on tongue
- Larvae are different from adult forms.
Includes one Class: Cyclostomata
Class Cyclostomata
Circular mouth( sucking type), no teeth
Cartilagenous endoskeleton, ectoparasites
Marine, return to fresh water for spawning. After spawning, they die. Larvae return to ocean after metamorphosis.
Eg: Lampreys, Hagfish

16. Division : Gnathostomata
Mouth with jaws
Includes 2 super- classes: Pisces and Tetrapods
Pisces: includes two classes ; viz
Chondrychthyes
and
Osteichthyes

17. Class Chondrichthyes Shark ( Scoliodon), Pristis ( Saw fish)
Cartilagenous, stream-lined,marine
Ventral mouth , gills without Operculum
2 chambered heart, electric organs for defense
Unisexual, male with claspers
Viviparous, internal fertilisation

18. Class Osteichthyes
Eg: Exocoetus( flying fish), Hippocampus ( sea horse)-marine
Fresh water- Labeo rohita, Catla catla
Mouth : terminal, bony endoskeleton
4 pairs of gill slits with operculum ( can breathe without swimming)
Swim bladder present- stays deep without sinking.
Oviparous, internal fertilization, direct dev.

19. Class Amphibia Eg: Bufo ( toad) , Rana ( frog)
Tetrapods: with pentadactyl limbs
Skin without scales, moist due to mucus glands
One opening- cloaca for excretion, urino-genitals
3 chambered heart
Ectotherms/poikilotherms
Aestivation and hibernation

20. Class Reptila Dry scales, ecdysis/moulting, autotomy
Excretion: kidneys; improper auditory sys
Heart: 3 chambered, ectotherms
Hibernation, camouflage: defense
Brain with 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Eg: Turtles, tortoise, alligators, lizards,…

21. Class Aves Feathers- modified epidermal scales
Skin- dry without glands except oil glands
Hind-limbs with scales : swim/walk/clasp
Bony endoskeleton- air filled
Digestive system with crop and gizzard
Respiration: lungs
Double circulation, 4 chambered heart
Warm-blooded,high rate of metabolism

22. Class Mammalia Mammary glands- modified sweat glands
Hair, ear with incus, malleus and stapes
4 chambered heart, endotherms
Excretion- kidneys
Monotrems/ oviparous: Platypus, Echidna