1. Multicellular Diversity
Sections 3.4 – 3.5

2. 3.4 - The Animal Kingdom

3. Complete the K/W/L Chart on the Animal Kingdom
What I know
What I Want to Know
What I Learned

4. What is an Animal
Animals have several characteristics that make them different from other organisms
What do you think some of them are?

5. What is an Animal ?
In general, all animals share the following characteristics:
They are Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms. Their cells DO NOT have cell walls
They are heterotrophs, that ingest and digest their food
They are mobile in at least one phase of their life
They reproduce sexually and produce an embryo that undergoes stages of development

6. Classifying Animals
One way to classify an animal is whether or not it has a backbone
With and internal skeleton = vertebrates (5%)
WITHOUT = invertebrates (95% of animals)
Other characteristics include:
Levels of organization
# of body layers
Symmetry and body plans
Body cavity
Movement
Reproduction / DNA segmentation

7. Invertebrate Animals
Take up almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems on earth
Sponges
Cnidarians
Worms
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Found in marine / freshwater environment
Their bodies are made up of 2 layers of cells
As adults they feed by trapping food particles in water as it passes through internal channels of their body
Contain corals, jellyfish, and freshwater hydras
Only have 2 layers of cells, but HAVE muscle tissues and a nervous system
Able to swim and capture prey by using stinging tentacles
Food is digested in their body cavity
Flatworms – 3 layers of cells, with a simple nervous system
Segmented – more complex, with long tube bodies and many organ systems within
Have bilateral symmetry, 3 layers of cells and two body openings
Have a soft body protected by hard exterior shells
Include clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops
Include star fish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars
Marine animals with radial symmetry and tube feet
Have an endoskeleton made up of calcium carbonate

8. Arthropods Make up the majority of the animal phylum
Include things like spiders, scorpions, crustaceans, and insects
Have a large exoskeleton that helps protect the animal

9. Vertebrates
There are roughly species of vertebrates that are divided into 5 major classes
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Found in salt and fresh water
Further divided whether or not they have jaws and fins or NOT
Found with 2 pairs of limbs (hands / feet)
The diversity of these limbs have ↑over time
Tied to wet ecosystems
Changes to ecosystems due to human activity ↓ their habitat and increase presence of disease
Dated back 300 million years ago to early dinosaurs
Include lizards, snakes, turtles & crocodiles
Have body scales that create a waterproof barrier that prevents them from being dehydrated in HOT climates
Fertilization occurs internally after an egg and sperm join, many layers of membrane develop around the egg
This egg is later deposited in heat generated area
Have 4 chamber hearts like mammals
Have high body temperatures
Most can fly, with weight saving adaptations for flight i.e. light bones, toothless skull and low body weight – making it easier to fly
MOST distinctive feature = mammary glands that secrete milk
Have hair: useful for warmth, camouflage, waterproofing, communication
have highly developed brains
Grouped – monotremes, marsupials, placental mammals,

10. The biodiversity crisis
Section 3.5
The biodiversity crisis

11. Terminology
Mass extinction – a large scale dying out of a large percentage of all living organisms within an area over a short time
Biodiversity crisis – the current decline in genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity that may represent a mass extinction

12. Threat of Climate Change
Species can have threats to their: habitat, competition for food availability, hunting / trade by humans, destruction via pollution & climate change
Climate change – looks at change in patterns of precipitation and temperature; which can affect many species in an area
Atmospheric Scientist study the trends of climate change over time, where they are able to make predictions for an ecosystem through a modeling system

13. Climate Change & Food Sources
Changes in climate (global warming) can lead to changes in ecosystems, where prey / vegetation are no long available to animals (predators) to feed on
This can cause predators to migrate from such environments to somewhere else that food is available, or they can die in the longing for such food sources (if unsuccessful)
Ex. The Caribou population in Canada

14. Climate Change & Habitat
Global warming has contributed to changes in altitude and vegetation zones in mountainous regions
The warmer it gets … the upper zones become smaller and risk being eliminated

15. Climate Change & Reproduction
In many reptile species, the temperature at which the eggs are incubated determines the sex of the off spring
Where: the eggs of several species (not all!) produce females when temperatures are relatively warm and males when temperatures are cooler.
Thus, with global warming = production of more female eggs
Question .. How does the production of more females affect a species’ population?

16. Climate Change, Plants & Animals
Part of the success of the relationship between a plant and its pollinator depends on timing
The pollinator must be at the right stage of its life cycle to be at the right place and pollinate plant flowers
Unfortunately, with global warming, this natural cycle can cause a plant to flower earlier or for a pollinator to become active earlier than “normal” timelines

17. Climate Change & Aquatic Ecosystems
Increasing temperatures associated with climate change also affect freshwater organisms
For example – looking at Rainbow Trout in Lake Ontario over the last few years, we see how warmer summer waters and warmer winter waters resulted in a reduced growth rate of fish and their consumption of oxygen increased

18. Review

19. Remaining Time Complete your Chapter 3 Assignment
Study for Unit 1: Diversity of Living Things TEST!