1. WARM UP – MAY 12
Pick up the Guided Notes and answer these questions on a clean sheet of paper:
1. What was the name given to the North’s plan to defeat the South? What were the 3 parts of the plan?
2. Why is July 3, 1863 such an important date in the Civil War? (What happened in Mississippi and Pennsylvania?)
3. Why is Gettysburg considered the turning point of the Civil War?

2. 8.8 – THE CIVIL WAR ENDS

3. Confederate Morale Decreased
By the end of 1863, Confederate morale had decreased greatly.
Big defeats at Vicksburg and Gettysburg
Low on food and supplies for the troops and civilians
Increasing desertions (runaways)
Lack of unity increased hostility among states
NC and GA held meetings to discuss possible separate peace with Union

4. Grant and Sherman Seal the Deal for the Union
1864 – Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant to be the head commander of the Union army.
Grant appointed Tecumseh Sherman as commander of Union armies in Mississippi.
Grant went to fight Lee in VA.
Sherman led troops from MS to raid and destroy GA.

5. Total War
Grant and Sherman believed total war necessary to defeat Confederacy because…
Civilians grew food and made supplies on which the army relied
The strength of the homefront influenced Confederate morale
Union aimed to destroy resources and kill morale  crumbling of the Confederacy
Total war – attacking the enemy’s society (civilians and homefront), not just military forces.

6. “Whatever happens, there will be no turning back…”
Union army could afford to lose men in battle, Confederacy could not
Grant vs. Lee in VA during May - June 1864
Union lost 60,000
Confederacy lost 32,000
Democrats in the North called Grant a “butcher” but Grant pushed on because he told Lincoln he would not turn back.

7. Gone with the Wind - Atlanta Burning
“Sherman’s March”
Nov-Dec Following “total war” Sherman led forces through GA, SC, and NC.
Burned major and minor cities in GA and SC, left complete destruction.
Spared NC – one of the last states to succeed and Union believed the war would end soon.

8. Election of 1864 Candidate LINCOLN FREMONT McCLELLAN Party
National Union Party
Radical Republicans
Northern Democrats
Beliefs on War
Continue fighting, force Confederate surrender
Harsh punishment for southern states when they re-enter Union
Immediate armistice with Confederacy
POTUS – Lincoln
VP – Andrew Johnson
Union army victories and absentee ballots from soldiers helped Lincoln win.

9. Richmond Falls
By March 1865, Richmond was surrounded by Union troops led by Grant and Sherman.
April 2, 1865 – Jefferson Davis left Richmond and set it on fire to keep Union troops from getting it

10. Confederate Surrender
April 9, 1865 – Grant and Lee met at Appomattox Court House in VA  Lee surrendered the Confederate troops to Grant.
Lincoln requested that Grant propose generous surrender terms to Lee.
Grant let Lee’s troops leave with their possessions, horses, and food rations.
Confederate officers were allowed to keep their weapons
Civil War officially over… but tensions between the North and the South will exist for a long time.

11. Civil War Effects - Political
Increased power of the federal government
Proved the federal government was stronger than state governments  no state has tried to secede again
First national income tax (% of wages given directly to the federal government)
First military draft – federal government made men fight for the country
Lincoln used his presidential “wartime powers”
Lincoln suspend habeas corpus and jailed “suspicious” people without evidence or a trial  heavily criticized for violating constitutional rights

12. Civil War Effects - Economic
National Bank Act – 1863, laws that chartered new federal banks and set rules about their operations  tried to make investing money in the federal government safe for investors
Northern economy boomed – industries produced war goods and railroad supplies, agriculture made possible with the steel plow
Southern economy suffered – plantation system destroyed by loss of slaves and destruction of land
HUGE economic gap between North and South would last for decades

13. Civil War Effects - Social
December 6, 1865 – ratification of the 13th Amendment – officially abolished slavery
What would be in the future for millions of newly freed people?
Soldiers returned to civilian life and many experienced PTSD due to combat.
American Red Cross – founded 1881 by Clara Barton organization dedicated to the medical care of the sick or wounded in wars and natural disasters

14. Lincoln’s Assassination
April 14, 1865
Lincoln and wife watching play in Ford’s Theatre in DC  shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth
Confederate sympathizer, organized a conspiracy with the intent of killing Lincoln, Johnson (VP), and Seward (Sec. of State)
Lincoln killed, Johnson unharmed, Seward attacked but survived
Lincoln died that night  1st POTUS assassinated
Booth found and shot on April 26, 1865.

15. Final Thoughts…
The Civil War is over, but the pieces of the nation needed to be put back together. The man responsible for reassembling the Union has been assassinated, proving that tensions between the North and South will continue to exist.
How will the Union restore the southern states? How much punishment, if any, is necessary?
How will the reborn country integrate 4 million newly freed people into national life?