1. The Cryosphere
Consists of all the frozen water on the Earth’s surface (pack ice, glaciers, snow, frozen lakes & rivers, ice in the permafrost)

2. Note: smaller free-floating pieces of ice are called ice floes
The Cryosphere
Pack Ice: Large pieces of ice floating on the oceans near the North and South POLES
Note: smaller free-floating pieces of ice are called ice floes
Comparing Pack Ice in the Arctic in 2012 vs 30 years ago. When Pack Ice melts, IT DOES NOT RAISE THE SEA LEVEL.

3. The Cryosphere
Glacier: Mass of ice on land, formed by compressed snow. When part of glaciers break off and fall into the sea, they become icebergs.
WHEN GLACIERS FALL INTO THE SEA, THIS RAISES THE SEA LEVEL. GLOBAL WARMIMG IS CAUSING MORE GLACIERS TO MELT AND SLIDE INTO THE SEA, RAISING SEA LEVELS.  Demo

4. Try This!
Which of the following is not a characteristic of both glaciers and pack ice? A) Made up of ice B) Affected by global warming C) Moves D) Formed on water Why is flooding not a result of the increased melting of pack ice?
D, Global warming at the poles causes the surface of glaciers to melt. The water seeps to the bottom of the glacier,
causing it to slide faster. This increase causes pressure around the edges of the glacier, thus more and more ice
leaks out the sides. Eventually, this ice is no longer supported and breaks off, forming icebergs in the ocean. These
icebergs increase the sea water level, since 90% of their volume is below the water, just like an ice cube in your
drink. The inc

5. Global Warming and the Effect of Melting Pack Ice and Glaciers
Glaciers are made of freshwater.
When they melt, they dilute the ocean’s saltiness.
This changes the density of the water in the location where the glacier melt.
This can alter the direction or halt altogether ocean currents.
If ocean currents (thermohaline circulation) slow down or stop, the Earth will lose its ability to transfer heat from the equator to the poles.
The poles will become extremely colder and the equator will become incredibly hotter.

7. Try This!
**1. Which of the following characteristics does not affect thermohaline circulation? a) Sunlight b) Tide c) Salinity d) Temperature 2. Which of the statements below correctly identifies the effect of the increase in the melting of ice pack due to global warming? a) Loss of habitat for arctic species b) Rise in the sea level c) Increase in the number of icebergs d) Flooding of low lying areas B

8. Energy Resources from the Hydrosphere
Hydraulic Energy: Energy originating from moving water
We use Hydraulic Energy in two ways:
Hydroelectric damns

9. 2) Waves and Water Currents
Turbines in the bottom of oceans turn with the force of currents
Wave Farms: Buoys move up and
down as the tide rises and falls.
Renewable Energy
Extremely Expensive
Harmful for marine animals