1. Make observations about the following objects
Make observations about the following objects. Classify them into three groups.

2. Classification = grouping of objects by similarities
Taxonomy = branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on the different characteristics

3. Aristotle’s System Greek philosopher (384-322 BC)
1st to develop a system of classification
Grouped organisms as either plants or animals and then by habitat and physical appearance
Useful, but not in an evolutionary sense

4. Linnaeus’s System Swedish botanist (1707-1778)
Developed method that is still used today
Based classifications on physical and structural similarities

5. Modern Classification
2-word naming system = Binomial Nomenclature
Identifies species
Written in Latin= dead language and never changes
1st word = Genus; group of similar species
2nd word = species; specific characteristic
Example = Homo sapiens

6. Scientific Names Canis familiaris = dog Felis domesticus = house cat
Canis lupus = wolf
Who is most closely related???

7. Scientific Names
Common names can be very misleading

8. Dichotomous Keys Used to identify species by characteristics
A set of paired questions to be answered as either yes or no

10. Relationships between organisms
Phylogeny = the study of evolutionary relationships
Cladistics = diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on phylogeny
In the past, biologists would group organisms based solely on their physical appearance. Today, with the advances in genetics and biochemistry, biologists can look more closely at individuals to discover their pattern of evolution, and group them accordingly - this strategy is called EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

11. A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of living things. It is like a family tree for species.
Section 17.2 Summary – pages

12. How to read a cladogram…
The closer two species are on the cladogram, the more closely they are related. This means they evolved apart more recently.
Sometimes a cladogram will also list the characteristics that make two groups or organisms different.

13. How evolutionary relationships are determined?
Structural similarities
Breeding behavior
Geographical location
Chromosome comparisons
Biochemistry

14. 7 Taxa (levels) of organization
From broadest to most specific
Taxon: Example:
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primata
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species sapien

16. Six Kingdoms
Animalia – animals – multicellular – largest kingdom with over 1 million known species
Plantae – plants – multicellular - autotrophs
Archaebacteria – unicellular , found in extreme environments like thermal vents with high heat and no oxygen
Eubacteria – majority of bacteria we are familiar with fall into this category
Fungi – includes, mushrooms, mold, mildew; are considered to be decomposers
Protists – unicellular, includes diatoms, protozoa

17. Cell Type (Prokaryote or Eukaryote)
Kingdom
Info
Cell Type (Prokaryote or Eukaryote)
Body Form (Unicellular or Multicellular)
Obtaining food
(autotroph or herterotroph)
Presence of complex body organs? (Y or N)
Archeabacteria
Ex:
Eubacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals