2. 2. S + Aux not V + until.... Not until...Aux + V + S.... It is/was not until...that + S + Aux V.... 1. S + V + O, V-ing/V-en....: Review

3. Example: A leader should have an unforgettable identity. The identity is instantly and permanently fixed in people's minds. A leader should have an unforgettable identity, instantly and permanently fixed in people's minds. 1. 1. S + V + O, V-ing/V-en....: Review

4. Example: The visitors missed the sign. The sign said the museum was closed today. The visitors missed the sign, saying the museum was closed today. 2. 1. S + V + O, V-ing/V-en....: Review

5. Combine each pair of the following sentences by using the above pattern. Follow the example. Exercise A I like to eat tropical fruits. Those fruits include pineapples, mangos, and papayas. 1. I like to eat tropical fruits, including pineapples, mangos, and papayas.

6. Lily gave me a smile. The smile showed that she had forgiven me. 2. Lily gave me a smile, showing that she had forgiven me.

7. Carter followed the dark passage. The passage led to the burial room. 3. Carter followed the dark passage, leading to the burial room.

8. What we need now is some furniture for our new apartment. The furniture ranges from sofas and tables to lamps and curtains. 4. What we need now is some furniture for our new apartment, ranging from sofas and tables to lamps and curtains.

9. On my way to school, I met a girl. The girl was dressed in a mini skirt. 5. On my way to school, I met a girl, dressed in a mini skirt.

10. George Washington is one of the best-known American political figures in history. Almost everyone knows of the story about him and the cherry tree. Fill in the following blanks with words from the box below. Make sure you use the correct verb forms. The first one has been done for you. Exercise B

11. waitshaketellovershadowshiver George, said his father, do you know who cut down that beautiful cherry tree in the garden? This was a tough question. George found himself like a frightened mouse, 1 shivering in a corner. He looked at the window, once 2 ____________ by the cherry tree, and thought what he should do. Should he tell the truth that it was he who had cut down the tree? overshadowed

12. waitshaketellovershadowshiver George? his father demanded in a low voice, now 3 ________ with anger. George looked his father in the eye with tear. Time seemed to stand still. However, all of a sudden, he though of an old saying, again and again 4 ______ to him by his father, Honesty is the best policy. Then George bravely cried out, I cant tell a lie, Dad. You know I cant tell a lie. I cut the tree. shaking told

13. waitshaketellovershadowshiver With that, George stood still in the room like a prisoner, 5 ________ for the judge to pronounce sentence on him. Run to my arms, you dearest boy, his father cried out happily, run to my arms! I am so glad, George, that you killed my tree, for you have paid me for it a thousandfold. waiting Back

14. Example: He wont come until were ready for him. Not until were ready for him will he come. It is not until were ready for him that he will come. 2. S + Aux not V + until.... Not until...Aux + V + S.... It is/was not until...that + S + Aux V....

15. Rewrite the following sentences by using the above pattern. The first one has been done for you. Exercise A 1. I will give you what you want when I see the money in my account. I wont give you what you want until I see the money in my account. Not until I see the money in my account will I give you what you want. It is not until I see the money in my account that I will give you what you want.

16. You can speak only when you are asked to. ______________________________ ___ ______________________________ ______ ______________________________ _____________ 2. You can t speak until you are asked to. It is not until you are asked to that you can speak. Not until you are asked to can you speak.

17. After Kelly lost her husband, she realized how important he had been to her.________________________________ ____________________________________ ________________________________ ___________ 3. Kelly didn t realize how important her husband had been to her until she lost him. Not until Kelly lost her husband did she realize how important he had been to her. It was not until Kelly lost her husband that she realized how important he had been to her.

18. After the teacher explained the question, Ned could answer it. ______________________________ ________________________ ______________________________ 4. Ned couldn't answer the question until the teacher explained it. It is not until the teacher explained the question that Ned could answer it. Not until the teacher explained the question could Ned answer it.

19. You will understand this book when you get older. ______________________________ ____________ ______________________________ __________________ ______________________________ _____________________ 5. You won t understand this book until you get older. It is not until you get older that you will understand this book. Not until you get older will you understand this book.

20. Read the letters on the next page. Sarah, a 17-year-old girl, wrote to Anne Landers for her advice. Fill in each of the blanks by combining sentences in the box below. Use one of the above patterns. The first one has been done for you. Exercise B

21. 1. I realize my mom also knew about it. She talked about something I wrote in it. 2. I found something wrong about her questions. I was about to leave for school. 3. I would talk to her. She apologized. 4. I knew I had hurt my mom badly. I saw her bury her face in the hands and cry. 5. I realized it. I had my own child.

22. Dear Anne, Yesterday, I had a terrible fight with my mom. Well, I have kept a diary for three years. It was a secret. However, 1 I didnt realize my mom also knew about it until she talked about something I wrote in it. Yesterday morning, at breakfast, she asked me something about Bob, a new friend that I met at school. I told her he was just great. 2 _________________________ ______________________________________ __________ I didnt find anything wrong about her questions until I was about to leave for school.

23. She was not supposed to know anything about Bob! I stared at her and shouted, You read my diary! How could you do that to me? I was so angry and disappointed that I said something really bad to her. I even told her 3 ___________ __________________________ To my surprise, Mom didnt scold me but burst into tears. 4 _______________________________ _____________________________________ ______ Now I feel guilty. What should I do? Yours truly, Sarah I wouldnt talk to her until she apologized. I didnt know I had hurt my mom badly until I saw her bury her face in the hands and cry.

24. Dear Sarah, I am sorry to hear that you had a bitter quarrel with your mom. I think it was natural for you to feel angry with your mom, and your mom shouldnt have read your diary. But, you know, sometimes its really hard to be a parent. 5 _____________________________________ Your mom wanted to know what was really in your mind but didnt know how, so she made a wrong decisionreading your diary. I didnt realize it until I had my own child.

25. Back Her crying suggested that she knew she was wrong. If you feel guilty, talk to your mom first. Try to understand her. Mutual understand is based on good communication. Best regards, Anne