1. Fresh furnishings
furniture

2. Upholstery
Upholstery - is the work of providing furniture, especially seats, with padding, springs, webbing, and fabric or leather covers.

3. Chair and Sofa Construction

4. Construction of chairs and sofas
Frame – Hardwood plywood is been found to be one of the most durable. Can also use oak, maple, and ash.
Joinery – Holds the frame and cushion together. Creating a sturdy frame.
Springs
Eight-way hand-tied spring – A three-dimensional coil springs are attached to webbing on the bottom of chair or sofa. They are tied together with twine in a series of interlocking knots to prevent individual coils from shifting out of position. It provides even comfort. It helps the coils to not compress to the point of “bottoming-out” the seat.
Sinuous spring – Two dimensional “S” shaped wires that are fastened to the top of the frame’s front rail and run from the front to the back of the furniture, spaced every few inches. It provides a more comfortable seat and are especially good for upholstered furniture that sits low to the floor.
Padding – Proper padding prevents the upholstery fabric from coming into direct contact with the wooden frame. It helps prevents abrasion, which could lead to premature wear of the upholstery. Cotton and poly/Dacron are the most popular.

5. Seat Cushion
High Density Foam Wrapped in Dacron – The most commonly used seat cushioning method in upholstered furniture construction. It creates the core of the cushion. The density of the foam and how much Dacron is used have an impact of the softness of the cushion.
Spring Down Cushioning – Involves surrounding innerspring coils with foam and then wrapping the entire package in Dacron. Once wrapped in Dacron, the cushion core is then placed inside a muslin bag before it is upholstered.
Blend down Cushioning – The process of combining down and feathers, wrapping them around a foam core and then inserting everything into a muslin bag before upholstery fabric is applied. This process is the same as spring down cushioning except that there are no springs in the cushions. Blend down cushioning is the most softest cushions, but it does not retain their shape as well as the other methods.
Fabric – A wide variety of fine upholstery fabric are available that are constructed from natural fibers, synthetics, or a blend of both. The types of fibers used in upholstered fabrics has a direct bearing on the feel of the fabric, its durability, clean ability and resistance to fading and deterioration to exposure to sunlight. Fabric combining a tight weave and durable fibers like nylon or polypropylene are a good choice for active use. Leather is also popular choice for durability.

6. Sofa’s

7. Style’s of arms and feet
Roll Panel
With Skirted base
Track Arm with a Wedge foot
Sock Arm with Ball foot
Bun Foot

8. Chair’s

9. Different style’s of Chair’s
Windsor Chairs
Fan Back
Comb Back
Loop Back

10. Camel back
Hepplewhite Shield back
Eames
Adirondack
Wassily by Breuer
Tulip by Saarinen
Swan by Arne Jacobsen
Cesca by Breuer

11. Re-Upholstery VS New Upholstery
Family Heirloom? Antique?
Good shape/construction
Lower cost of frame
Ease of maintenance
More fabric options
“Green”- environmentally friendly
New Upholstery
Budget factors- wide range of pricing for same frame
Difficult to determine quality of construction & materials used
Limited fabric selection
More frame & design options
Lengthy order time

12. Bed’s
Beds in early colonial North America were simple frames with wooden slats or ropes between them to support mattresses filled with straw or feathers. The usually had curtains around the bed for privacy and protection from drafts.

13. Bed’s

14. Casegoods
Casegoods - is a term used for furniture that is not upholstered and is made of wood. It is used to describe furniture that is used in the dining room and bedroom. Pieces of furniture, such as bookcases or chests of drawers, that provide interior storage space are also casegoods.

15. Casegood construction

16. Casegoods

17. Casegoods
In the early seventeenth century they had no closets. Casegoods pieces were the only storage available.
Court Cupboard
Highboy
Armoire

18. Table’s throughout the Centuries