1. European Nationalism & Unification

2. Russia vs. British, French, Ottomans
The Crimean War ( )
Russia vs. British, French, Ottomans
Cause: Russia’s desire to protect Eastern Orthodox Christians living in Ottoman Empire
Conflict between:
Russia/France  Holy Land
Russia/France & Britain  Expansion
Most casualties from disease

4. Results of the War Treaty of Paris (1856) Other Results
Danube River opened for trade to all
Russia surrendered small territory
Ottoman integrity guaranteed
Black Sea neutralized
Other Results
Battlefield medicine revolutionized
Promoted Russian industrialization
Ended Austrian/Russian alliance

5. Italy Before Unification

6. Steps to Italian Unification
Carbonari Insurrections:
Secret revolutionary societies
Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea
To gain support from French
Cavour & Napoleon III meet at Plombières, 1858
Secret agreement to wage war against Austria

7. Steps to Italian Unification
Austro-Sardinian War, 1859
Fought to loosen Austrian control over northern Italy
Austro-Prussian War, 1866
Austria loses control of Venetia.
Venetia is annexed to Italy.
Garibaldi & his “Red Shirts” unite with Cavour
Famous military leader, helps Italy in 1866
French Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Needed for Franco-Prussian War
Italy is United!

8. Italy After Unification

9. Germany Before Unification

10. Prussian/Austrian Rivalry

11. Key Players
Kaiser Wilhelm I
Helmut von Moltke
Otto von Bismarck

12. Otto von Bismarck
The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron.

13. Otto von Bismarck
I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

14. The German Confederation

15. Steps to Unification The Danish War (1864)
Prussia and Austria gain territory
The Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Prussian dominance
Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867
Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.
He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

16. The Franco-Prussian War (1870)
Prussian leadership threatened French power
Immediate causes:
Prince Leopold’s (related to Prussian royalty) candidacy for Spanish Throne
Ems Dispatch
Napoleon III’s desire to improve popularity
Advisers assured victory
Faith in new rifles, machine guns
Bismarck’s desire to unite Germany
Southern German states sided with Prussia

17. Catalyst for War 4. Ems Dispatch [1870] 1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

18. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]
The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire.
The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.
Russia put warships in the Black Sea
[in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War].
France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.
France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany
[a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

19. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]