1. BODY CAVITIES Cranial Thoracic pleural pericardial Spinal Abdominal
Pelvic

3. DIRECTIONAL TERMS Ventral (Anterior) Pertaining to front
Dorsal (Posterior)
Pertaining to back
Superior
Pertaining to above the heart
Inferior
Pertaining to below the heart

4. DIRECTIONAL TERMS Medial Pertaining to the midline Lateral
Pertaining away from the midline
Proximal
Situated closer to the point of attachment, located nearer to the body
Distal
Situated farther away from the point of attachment

5. ANATOMICAL PLANES Sagittal
Divides the body into unequal right and left halves
Mid-Sagittal
Divides the body into equal right and left halves
Frontal (coronal)
Divides body into anterior and posterior (front and back) parts
Transverse
Divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior)

6. How are living things organized?
Atoms
Smallest chemical units
Molecules
Group of atoms working together
Organelles
Group of molecules working together
Cells
Group of organelles working together
Tissues
Group of cells working together

7. How are living things organized?
Organs
Group of different tissues working together
Organ systems
Group of organs working together
Organism
An individual
List the 11 organ systems
List the organs associated with the organ system
List the overall function of the Organ System

8. Cardiovascular
Transports material from one part of the body to another, defense against disease
Digestive
Ingests and digests (mechanical and chemical) food, absorbs nutrients
Endocrine
Regulates metabolic activity and body chemistry
Integumentary
Covers and protects body, regulates temperature
Lymphatic
Returns tissue fluid to blood, defense against disease
Muscular
Movement, maintains posture, provides heat

9. Nervous
Co-ordinates body activities, receives / transmits information
Reproductive
Forms new individuals to provide continuation of the species
Respiratory
Exchange of gases between blood and external environment
Urinary
Excretes metabolic wastes; regulates fluid balance
Skeletal
Provides framework and support; attaches muscles to bone; supplies Ca storage

10. All the organs of the body were having a meeting, trying to decide who was the one in charge.
"I should be in charge," said the brain, "Because I run all the body's systems, so without me nothing would happen.“
"I should be in charge," said the blood , "Because I circulate oxygen all over so without me you'd all waste away.“
"I should be in charge," said the stomach," Because I process food and give all of you energy.“
"I should be in charge," said the legs, "because I carry the body wherever it needs to go." 10

11. The Moral of the story? Even though the others do all the work……
"I should be in charge," said the eyes, "Because I allow the body to see where it goes."
"I should be in charge," said the rectum, "Because I'm responsible for waste removal."
All the other body parts laughed at the rectum And insulted him, so in a huff, he shut down tight.
Within a few days, the brain had a terrible headache, the stomach was bloated, the legs got wobbly, the eyes got watery, and the blood Was toxic. They all decided that the rectum should be the boss.
The Moral of the story?  Even though the others do all the work……
The asshole is usually in charge. 11

12. Vertebrates - general taxonomy
Kingdom Animalia: Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic No cell wall

13. Vertebrates - general taxonomy
Phylum Chordata Notochord firm flexible rod supporting body usually replaced with a backbone Dorsal nerve cord 3 tissue layers: Endoderm becomes digestive tract Mesoderm becomes muscle, bone, circulatory Ectoderm becomes skin, nerve endings

14. Vertebrates - Chordate taxonomy
Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Coelom

15. Vertebrates - Chordate taxonomy
Deuterostomate
anus forms first
Coelomate
space within mesoderm for organs
Pharynx with gill slits
Post anal tail

16. Life Cycle of a Leopard Frog
Leopard frog life cycle

17. Eggs form and mature in female reproductive organs, and sperm form and mature in male reproductive organs.
Gamete formation
A sperm and an egg fuse at their plasma membrane, then the nucleus of one fuses with the nucleus of the other to form the zygote.
Fertilization
By a series of mitotic cell divisions, different daughter cells receive different regions of the egg cytoplasm.
Cleavage
Cell divisions, migrations, and rearrangements produce two or three primary tissues, the forerunners of specialized tissues and organs.
Gastrulation
midsectional views
Subpopulations of cells are sculpted into specialized organs and tissues in prescribed spatial patterns at prescribed times.
Organ Formation
top view
side view
Growth, tissue
Specilazation
Organs increase in size and gradually assume specialized functions.

18. midsectional views top view side view
frog egg
Gamete Formation
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
midsectional views
top view
side view
Organ Formation
Growth, Tissue
Specialization

19. Cleavage to Implantation
Cleavage and implantation

20. Vertebrates - general taxonomy
Subphylum Vertebrata Vertebrae surrounding spinal cord Notochord in all embryonic stages 2 sets of paired appendages Closed circulatory system Gills or lungs for breathing Hox (homeobox) gene complex A group of genes that control differentiation during embryonic development

21. Animal Cladogram

25. Vertebrate Cladogram

27. Have jaws

28. Skeleton of bone

29. Lobe fins

30. Paired Limbs

31. Amniote eggs

32. Mineralized tissues
Vertebrates have 3 main types: a. bone b. dentine calcareous (calcium carbonate) material harder and denser than bone c. enamel