1. Cellular Processes and structure
Energy and Matter
Free energy
Macromolecules
Interactions between molecules
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Cycles of matter

2. Interactions between molecules
AP Framework: 4.B.1
Holtzclaw: (Ch8.3)
Campbell: (Ch8.4)

3. Enzymes are proteins Act as catalysts Naming convention: substrate+ase
ex. lactase
Exception: some RNA molecules act as enzymes

4. Enzymes are Catalysts Increase rate of the reaction by lowering EA
Not changed by the reaction

5. Enzyme action Orient reactants to each other
increase chances of proper collision
The molecule they act on is called a substrate
Can combine or break down molecules

6. Enzyme action (cont) Induced fit model
substrate binds to active site on enzyme
active site is shaped specifically
Enzyme changes shape
catalyzing the reaction

7. Cofactors / Coenzymes Many enzymes require other molecules to work
Coenzymes: organic molecules (vitamins)
Ex. Niacin (B3) required to make NAD
Cofactors: inorganic molecules (minerals)
Ex. Iron required to make hemoglobin

8. Competitive Inhibition
Inhibitor prevents binding of substrate

9. Allosteric inhibition causes a conformational change in the enzyme which prevents binding of the substrate

10. Allosteric Interactions allow for feedback inhibition of metabolism
Ex. ATP inhibits the activity of phosphofructokinase.

11. Environmental Influences on Enzyme Function
The local environment can affect the shape of the enzyme, which will affect its function.
Ex. Temperature and pH.

12. Concentration and Enzyme Function
The concentration of enzyme and substrate will also affect enzyme function.

13. Measuring Enzyme Activity
Enzyme Activity can be measured in different ways:
Appearance of a product
Disappearance of a substrate
Indirect Analogs: Ex. Color Change, Change in Temp.

14. Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions

15. Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions

16. Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions

17. Be Able To
4.17 Analyze data to identify how molecular interactions affect structure and function