1. ENZYMES!

2. What are Enzymes? PROTEINS!
Act as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions
They are NOT permanently changed in the process
Reusable!
Specific!
End in –ase
Sucrase
Maltase
Lactase

3. How Do Enzymes Work? Enzymes weaken bonds between compounds
This reduces the amount of energy needed to start a reaction
Without Enzyme
With Enzyme
Energy
Reactants
Products
Progress of the reaction

4. Enzyme-Substrate Complex
The substance the enzyme reacts on is the substrate
The area where the enzyme binds to the substrate is the Active Site
Enzyme
Substrate
Active Site

5. What Can Affect Enzyme Activity?
Environmental Conditions
Cofactors and Coenzymes
Enzyme Inhibitors

6. Environmental Conditions
Temperature
High temperatures can unfold enzymes
Most reactions require a specific temperature range to occur reliably pH
Most reactions require a neutral pH to occur

7. Cofactors and Coenzymes
Inorganic substances and vitamins are sometimes needed for enzymes to function properly
Ex: Iron must be present in the structure of hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen

8. Enzyme Inhibitors Competitive inhibitor
Inhibit the function of a specific enzyme
Competitive or noncompetitive
Competitive Inhibitors
Resemble the enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the active site
Substrate
Enzyme
Competitive inhibitor

9. Enzyme Inhibitors Noncompetitive Inhibitors
Do NOT enter the active site!
Bind to a different area of the enzyme
This causes the enzyme to change its shape, which alters the active site
The enzyme can no longer bind to the substrate
Enzyme
Noncompetitive
Inhibitor
Substrate
Altered
Active site