1. Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
KNOW SOME TERMS
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

2. Cognition

3. the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge

4. Thinking

5. The manipulation of mental representations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions

6. Mental Image

7. A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present

8. Concept

9. A mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it

10. Natural Concept

11. A mental category that is formed as a result of everyday experience

12. Prototype

13. The most typical instance of a particular concept

14. Problem solving

15. Thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available

16. Trial and Error

17. A problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work

18. Algorithm

19. A problem- solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution

20. Heuristic

21. A problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solution

22. Insight

23. The sudden realization of how problem can be solved

24. Intuition

25. Coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought in their usual or customary way

26. Functional Fixedness

27. The tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way

28. Mental set

29. The tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past

30. Availability heuristic

31. A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how readily available other instances of the even are in memory

32. Representativeness heuristic

33. A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it is to the prototype

34. Language

35. A system for combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements

36. Linguistic relativity Hypothesis

37. The notion that differences among languages cause differences in the thoughts of their speakers

38. Animal Cognition

39. The study of animal learning, memory, thinking, and language

40. Intelligence

41. The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.

42. Mental Age

43. A measurement of intelligence in which an individual’s mental age is expressed in terms of the average abilities of a given age group

44. Intelligence Quotient

45. An global measure of intelligence derived by comparing an individual's scores of others in the same age group

46. Achievement test

47. A test designed to measure a person’s level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment in a particular areas

48. Aptitude Test

49. A designed to assesses a person’s capacity to benefit from education or training

50. Standardization

51. The administration of a test to a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms

52. Normal Distribution

53. A bell shaped distribution of individual differences in a normal population in which most scores cluster around the average score

54. Reliability

55. The ability of a test to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasions under similar conditions

56. Validity

57. The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

58. G factor or General intelligence

59. The notion of a general intelligence factor that is responsible for a person’s overall performance on tests of mental ability

60. Triarchic theory of intelligence

61. Sternberg’s theory that there are three distinct forms of intelligence; analytic, creative, and practical

62. Heritability

63. The percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity

64. Stereotype threat

65. A psychological predicament in which fear that you will be evaluated in terms of negative stereotype about a group to which you belong creates anxiety and self-doubt, lowering performance in a particular domain that is important to you

66. People

67. Alfred Binset

68. French psychologist who, along with Simon, developed the first widely used intelligence test

69. Howard Gardner

70. Contemporary American psychologist whose theory of intelligence states that there is not one intelligence, but multiple independent intelligence

71. Charles Spearman

72. British psychologist who advanced the theory that a general intelligence factor, called the g factor, is responsible for overall intellectual functioning

73. Lewis Terman

74. American psychologist who translated and adapted the Binet-Simon intelligence test used in the US; he also began a major longitudinal study of the lives of gifted children in 1921

75. Louis L. Thurstone

76. American psychologist who advanced the theory that intelligence is composed of several primary mental abilities and cannot accurately described by an overall general or g factor measure

77. David Wechsler

78. American psychologist who developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the most widely used intelligence test.