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ECOLOGY CH 13-15
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Every organism has a habitat and niche
Habitat vs Niche Habitat- lives Biotic vs abiotic factors Niche- job/role Food, abiotic conditions, behavior Resource availability Can be shared Competition comes when 2 species want some resource
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Competitive exclusion keeps 2 species from same niche
Outcomes 1 species pushed out or extinct Niche will divide 2 species diverge more
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Ecological equivalents
Species that occupy similar niches but live in different areas of the world Madagascar South America
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Community interactions
Competition- 2 organisms fight for same limited resource Might be same or different species
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Predation- 1 organism captures and eats another
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3 symbiotic relationships
Symbiosis- living together Mutualism- both organism benefit
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Commensalism- 1organism benefits, the other is unharmed
Parasitism- 1 benefits the other is harmed _ Hornworm caterpillar Parasitism + Human eyelash Demodicids Eyelash mites find all they + Ø Commensalism
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Parasitism Ectoparasites (leeches) outside
Endoparasites (hookworms) inside
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All populations have… Density Dispersion Reproductive strategies
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Density Measurement of the number of individuals in an area calculated
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Dispersion- how individual of a population are spaced
3 types
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clumped
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uniform
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random
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Population grow in predictable patterns
Immigrations and births into population Emigrations and deaths leaving population Based on available resources Immigrations>emigrations--- population grows Emigrations>Immigrations– population declines Immigration=emigrations– population same
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Exponential growth Rapid growth due to lots of resources
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Logistic growth Population growth facing limited resources
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Carrying capacity Maximum number of individuals an environment can hold
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Limiting factors Something that keeps the size of a population down
Density-dependent predation Competition parasitism and disease
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Density-independent unusual weather natural disasters human activities
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Ecological succession
is a process of change in the species that make up a community. Occurs following a disturbance in an ecosystem Regenerations or creates a community after a disturbance a sequence of biotic changes damaged communities are regenerated new communities arise in previously uninhabited areas
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2 types of succession primary succession — started by pioneer species
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secondary succession — started by remaining species
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Biomes- land based 6 major
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Tropical rain forest biomes produce lush forests.
Warm temperature Lots of precipitation Source: World Meteorological Organization
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Grassland biomes are where the primary plant life is grass.
Temperate grasslands are dry and warm during the summer; most precipitation falls as snow. Tropical grasslands are warm through the year, with definite dry and rainy seasons.
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Temperate grasslands Tropical grasslands
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Desert biomes are characterized by a very arid climate.
Tucson, Arizona Source: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration Desert biomes are characterized by a very arid climate. very low amount of precipitation four types: hot, semi-arid, coastal, and cold
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Temperate forest biomes include deciduous forests and rain forests.
Deciduous trees are the dominant plant species Source: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration
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Temperate deciduous forests have hot summers and cold winters.
The temperate rain forests have a long wet season and relatively dry summer.
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The taiga biome is located in cooler northern climates
Source: Environment Canada Banff, Canada
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The tundra biome is found in the far northern latitudes with long winters.
winter lasts 10 months limited precipitation permafrost Barrow, Alaska Source: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration
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Polar ice caps and mountains are not considered biomes.
Polar ice caps have no soil, therefore no plant community. The climate and organisms found on mountains change as the elevation changes.
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Marine ecosystems are global
The ocean can be divided into zones. intertidal zone neritic zone bathmat zone abyssal zone
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The neritic zone harbors more biomass than any other zone.
zooplankton Phytoplankton Coastal waters Coral reefs are found in warm waters. Kelp forests are found in cold, nutrient-rich waters.
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FRESHWATER An estuary is a partially enclosed body of water.
mixture of fresh water with salt water Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems Freshwater bodies are divided into three zones. littoral zone limnetic zone benthic zone The upwelling brings up nutrients.
