1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Green algae are believed to be the ancestors of plants.
Invasion of plants – occurred about 430 million years ago

3. Characteristics of Plants:
cell walls – composed of cellulose
eukaryotes
autotroph
multicellular
Survival NEEDS:
sunlight
gas exchange
water & minerals
movement of water and nutrients

4. Evolutionary trends in plants involved moving from water to land.
Land Adaptations
– to move from water to land, plants had to adapt……
systems that would support their weight – lignin strengthens cell walls to support growth
underground absorptive structure – roots
above ground shoot system – stem, leaves
development of vascular tissue to transport water & nutrients
prevent water loss with the cuticle and stomata
male gametes (pollen grains) could be dispersed without water and the evolution of the seed

5. Classification is based on –
Nonvascular or Vascular Tissue (xylem or phloem)
Reproduction – produce seeds (embryo) or spores (reproductive cell)
Compare DNA sequences

9. Plant ORGANS - STEMS to produce leaves, branches & flowers
to transport water & nutrients
to store nutrients
ROOTS
anchor plant in ground
absorb water & nutrients
LEAVES
site of photosynthesis
site of gas exchange
site of transpiration

10. TROPISMS:
Plants adjust the direction and rate of growth in response to environmental stimuli
Gravitropism – a growth response to gravitational forces
Phototropism— when stems/leaves adjust the rate and direction of growth in response to light
Thigmotropism— plants shift a direction of growth as they contact objects

11. How do plants control their growth in response to environmental stimuli?
Most plants do this by way of chemical messengers known as hormones.
A hormone is a chemical that is produced in one part of an organism and transferred to another part to affect the activities of that part of the plant.

12. Types of Hormones
AUXINS – responsible for regulating growth by stimulating the elongation of cells.
ABSCISIC ACID – Inhibits plant growth during times of stress, such as cold temperatures or drought.
GIBBERELLINS - growth hormones that cause plants to grow taller.

13. Can plants DEFEND themselves?
Mechanical defense -incorporated into the physical structure of the organism. -- thorns, spines and stiff hairs that repel a predator
Chemical defense - occurs when the plant produces stinging sensations, paralysis, poisoning, or just a bad taste.
Camouflage - the organism blends into its environment or appear to be something they are not

14. Which one is poisonous and which one is harmless?
Queen Anne’s Lace
Water Hemlock

16. Two classes of angiosperms …. Monocots and Dicots