1. Cause and Effect Writing

2. Cause and Effect analyzes why something happens.
Some effects are caused by multiple causes.
Some causes, in turn, can result in multiple effects.

3. Main cause: the most important cause
Contributory Causes: less important
Immediate Cause: closely precedes the effect.
Remote cause: less obvious because it involves something in the past or far away.
Causal Chain: an effect can be the cause to another effect, on so on.

4. Avoiding Post Hoc Reasoning:
Do not assume that just because even A precedes event B, event A caused even B. This illogical assumption is called post hoc reasoning. This error leads you to confuse coincidence with causality.

5. Do not confuse words like because, therefore and consequently (indicating a causal relationship), with words like subsequently, later, and afterward (chronological relationship words)

6. Exercise: Global Warming
1) Listen to the following report, originally presented on NPR’s news program, “Morning Edition” on February 17, 2006.
2) as you listen, answer the questions as they appear on the screen.
3) Afterwards, we will brainstorm the possible chain of cause and effect contributing to this issue.

7. Why are researchers interested in Greenland’s icecap?
NOTE TAKING WORKSHEET Study: Greenland Ice Sheet Melting Faster Than Thought February 17, 2006 from National Public Radio’s Morning Edition
Why are researchers interested in Greenland’s icecap?
What are two opposing processes mentioned by Rignot that might either cause the icecap to melt, or to replenish it? What is actually happening?
According to Harris, how fast is Greenland now losing ice? What is the effect?
According to Rignot, what was the previous time scale for the loss of ice from Greenland? What is it now?

8. NOTE TAKING WORKSHEET Study: Greenland Ice Sheet Melting Faster Than Thought February 17, 2006 from National Public Radio’s Morning Edition
According to Konrad Steffan, what process is causing the acceleration of the loss of Greenland ice? Describe it. How fast is the glacier moving now?
According to Steffan, what are the effects of this rapid melting? What problems might these effects, in turn, cause?
According to Steffan, are these processes fully understood? Does he feel that the data is certain?

9. Main cause: the most important cause
Contributory Causes: less important
Immediate Cause: closely precedes the effect.
Remote cause: less obvious because it involves something in the past or far away.
Causal Chain: an effect can be the cause to another effect, on so on.

10. Planning a Cause and Effect Essay
Purpose and Thesis:
Be sure to identify the relationships among the specific causes and effect you will discuss.
Thesis statement should tell the reader
The points you plan to consider
The position you will take
Whether you will emphasize causes, effects, or both.
The cause and/or effect you consider most important.
The order in which you will treat your points.
Planning a Cause and Effect Essay

11. Planning a Cause and Effect Essay
Order and sequence; several possibilities include:
Chronological
Main cause first, and then contributory causes
Contributory causes first, and then main cause.
Negative effects first, then positive
First dismiss events that are not causes, and then discuss actual causes for an effect.
Most obvious causes first, and then less obvious causes.
Planning a Cause and Effect Essay

12. Planning a Cause and Effect Essay
Transitions!
Transitions are essential to this type of essay to distinguish causes from effects.
For a useful list of cause and effect transitions, see page 43.
Planning a Cause and Effect Essay

13. Structuring a Cause and Effect Essay
Finding Causes
Less important cause > effect> most important cause
Describing or Predicting Effects
Cause > first effect> second effect > third (most important) effect> conclusion (with possible prediction of additional effects).

14. Revising a Cause and Effect Essay
See checklist on page 312
Editing a Cause and Effect Essay
Avoid redundant phrases like “the reason is because” examples p 313
Use Affect and Effect correctly. Examples p 313
Editing checklist on page 314