1. Chapter 5: Money Supply & Money Demand

2. Chapter`s Outlines Definition of money Supply
Supply of Money and Market interest
The Demand for Money, & Three motives for demand for money
Equilibrium in Money Market
Changes in Equilibrium
Money Supply and Liquidity
Friedman’s Challenge to Liquidity Preference
Tools of Monetary policy.

3. Meaning of Supply of Money
According to Keynes supply of money is sum of currency issued by Central Bank of a country and demand deposits held by the commercial banks of a country
This is called M1 definition of supply of money and M1=Cc+ DD
it means that supply of money is total quantity of money circulated in a country

4. Supply of Money…..
According to Keynes Ms is fixed in short run and is independent of rate of interest
Ms is a control variable as it is determined by central monetary authorities of a country
Ms is a vertical line as Ms is independent of rate of interest
If Ms increase in a country, than Ms curve shift to the right and if Ms decrease in a country than Ms shift to the left

5. Money Supply Line
The quantity of money in circulation is controlled by the central bank
Interest Rate (%) Ms 10 5 80
Quantity of Money

6. The Supply of Money and Interest Rates…..
Because the supply of money is controlled by the central bank and no one else, we assume that the money supply is invariant to the interest rate.
In other words, the supply of money will stay the same regardless of whether the interest rate is 1%, 5% or even more
Thus the money supply curve is a vertical line at the current money supply.

7. The Market Interest Rate
What determines the equilibrium interest rate in financial markets?
A financial market is any market in which borrowers and lenders interact
The supply of funds being forwarded by lenders and the demand for funds by borrowers determines both the quantity of lending/borrowing and the interest rate at which these loans are made.

8. The Market Interest Rate
One way to analyze this market would be to directly examine the supply and demand for bonds (loans).
An alternative method would be to examine the supply and demand for money

9. Demand for Money
Demand for money we mean why people keep money in their pocket or in houses
What are the motives behind holding the money
Three main motives of keeping money
Transaction demand for money
Precautionary demand for money
Speculative demand for money

10. 1 Transaction demand for money
Money is used as a medium of exchange
People keep money for purpose of making daily transaction i.e. to purchase different goods and services daily
Mtd depends on time intervals when a person gets income and when a person spends it
Those countries where credit facilities are common, transaction demand for money is lower as compared to those countries where credit facilities are not available

11. Transaction demand for money…..
According to Keynes demand for money for transactary motives depends on income, it means that Mtd=f (Y)
There exist a positive relationship between Mtd and income of consumer
So Mtd=kY
Where k is the proportion or percentage of income people held for transaction purpose

12. Transaction demand for money….
Mtd y
Mtd ky 5%
100 5
200 10
300 15
400 20
500 25 25 20 ky 15 10 5 y

13. 2 Precautionary demand for money
Both individuals and businessmen keep cash in reserve in order to meet unexpected needs
Individuals hold some cash to provide for illness, accidents, unemployment and other unforeseen contingencies while businessmen keep cash in reserve to tide over unfavorable conditions
Precautionary demand for money depends on income level, business activity and so on

14. 3 Speculative Demand for Money
Individuals hold Money for investment in the financial market
Near money consists of non-monetary, interest-bearing assets such as stocks and bonds

15. Speculative demand for money
According to Keynes, individual could hold wealth in two ways i.e. in form of cash and in form of bonds
People purchase bonds and securities for earning profit as people purchase bond at low price and sell at high price
Whenever a person keep money for purpose of purchasing bonds is known as speculative demand for money

16. Speculative demand for money…..
Price of bonds are linked with rate of interest and is negative related with one another
The formula used for finding price of bonds is PV=R/ r
Where R=return from bond, r =Market rate of interest and PV is present value of bond or price of bond

17. Now if R=10 Af and r=5% then PV is 10/0.05 =200
Similarly if R=10 Af and r=10% then PV is 10/0.10 =100
So it is expectation about market rate of interest which determine speculative demand for money

18. Speculative demand for money….
If market rate of interest is low, bond price in market is high and at high bond price people will not purchase bond, and people will keep more money in their pocket for purpose of speculation and vice versa r2 r1
Msd =f(r)
Msd1 Msd2

19. Total demand for money
Total demand for money is the summation of transaction demand for money, Precautionary demand for money and Speculative demand for money
Mathematically it can be shown as
LT =Mtd +Msd +Mpd

20. The Demand for Money and Interest Rates
We assume that if you hold your wealth as money, you earn no interest, while you do earn interest if you hold your wealth as bonds.
How does your demand for money change when the interest rate rises?

21. The Demand for Money and Interest Rates…..
The opportunity cost of each dollar held as money is the foregone interest that could have been earned, if you had held that dollar in bonds.
As the interest rate rises, so does the opportunity cost of money
The quantity of money demanded is inversely related to the interest rate on bonds.

22. Equilibrium in Money Market
Through money supply and money demand we can determine equilibrium in money market
In money market, equilibrium point is that point where demand for money is equal to supply of money

23. The Money Market Nominal Interest Rate (i) MS 7% 5% 3% MD 400 700 1000
Quantity of Money ($ billions)
Money Surplus
Money Shortage

24. Changes in Equilibrium Interest Rates
One of the most useful features of the liquidity preference framework is that it allows us to see how changes in the demand and supply of money affect interest rates.

25. Changes in Equilibrium Interest Rates…..
Equilibrium interest rates will increase if there is a…
Increase in money demand (+)
Decrease in money supply (+)
Equilibrium interest rates will decrease if there is a…
Decrease in money demand (-)
Increase in money supply (-)

26. Shifts in Money Demand
In Keynes original analysis, two things would cause the demand for money to change:
1 An Increase in Income/Wealth
With more income, people would like to consume more. To increase consumption, you need more money.
Money demand shifts right, causing interest rates to rise

27. Interest Rates Rise when Income Rises
Nominal Interest Rate (i) MS 7% 5%
MD2
MD1
700
900
Quantity of Money ($ billions)

28. Interest Rates Fall when Bonds become less Risky
Nominal Interest Rate (i) MS 5% 3%
MD1
MD2
400
700
Quantity of Money ($ billions)

29. 2 An Increase in Prices
With higher prices, the same quantity of money held buys fewer goods and services. To maintain consumption, people need to hold more money.
Several other reasons can also cause the demand curve to shifts like increase in the risk of non-monetary assets like bonds, etc

30. Shifts in Money Supply
Since the central bank is the sole issuer of money, any changes in the money supply must come directly from central bank policy
At its most basic level, an increase in the money supply is just the central bank printing up more money, but operationally there are various other ways to increase and decrease money supply.

31. These are known as tools of Monetary policy…
Operationally, the central bank changes the money supply through three channels
Changing banks reserve requirement
Changing the discount rate at which banks borrow from the central bank at.
Buying and selling bonds from the public in exchange for money
These are known as tools of Monetary policy…

32. Tools of Monetary Policy
1 Reserve-deposit ratio:
Ratio of cash reserves to deposits that banks are required to maintain
By lowering the ratio, banks will have more reserves to lend and invest, increasing the money supply

33. Tools of Monetary Policy
2 Discount rate:
rate of interest the DAB charges on loans to banks
By lowering the rate, banks encourage borrowing from the DAB and lending to the public, increasing the money supply

34. Tools of Monetary Policy
3 Open Market Operations:
DAB purchases and sales of government bonds
By purchasing bonds and paying the sellers, the DAB increases the money supply

35. Using these tools, the central bank can lower interest rates by raising the money supply and increase rates by cutting the money supply.
Note that this analysis only considers the short run and not the long term consequences of changes to the money supply.

36. Friedman’s Challenge to Liquidity Preference
Milton Friedman argued that while Keynes’ analysis was technically incorrect, he failed to consider the longer term effects of monetary policy.
Friedman argued that increasing the money supply may actually cause interest rates to go up!
An increase in the money supply will cause income to rise, spurring an increase in money demand and interest rates

37. Cont`d…
An increase in the money supply will stimulate spending, which will then cause prices to rise. Higher prices will increase money demand and raise interest rates.
If the increase in money supply is continuous, then people will expect higher inflation. This causes the nominal interest rate to rise.

38. Interest Rates and an Increase in the Money Supply Growth Rate
So what happens to interest rates if the central bank increases the rate at which the money supply grows?
The liquidity preference theory argues that interest rates will decrease as people will hold excess cash balances
People will try to convert their excess cash into bonds.
Doing so will increase the number of people offering loans, which must push interest rates down.

39. Cont`d….
Friedman’s theory argues an increase in interest rates as the expansion in the money supply growth rate will cause income, price levels, and expected inflation all to rise.

40. Expansionary Monetary Policy
Increase the money supply by any one or combination of the Monetary tools
Reduce the interest rate to encourage investment
Increase employment & income

41. Expansionary Monetary Policy
Interest Rate (%)
(M1/P)s
(M2/P)s 5 4
(M/P)d 80 85
Quantity of Money

42. thanks