1. Industrial Revolution Reading
Warm Up - Tuesday
Industrial Revolution Reading
The reading handout will go into your notebook on page 53. As you read the text to yourself, use the following directions to help you understand the information: 1.) Circle key figures/events in the text 2.) Underline main ideas in each paragraph 3.) Highlight and put a “?” over words you don’t know (define the words using a dictionary and the space beside the reading) 4.) Summarize the reading in your own words

2. A Revolution in Industry
P.54
Industrial Revolution- changeover from making goods by hand to making goods by machine (More has been created in the last 250 years than in the previous 2500 years)
Machines were invented which replaced human labor
New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery – water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
Increased use of metals and minerals
Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.
Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain- has perfect mix of raw materials, laborers and capital

3. Evolution of Factories
Steam engine-factories switch to burning coal to obtain power and can be built anywhere-usually built by towns
Men, women and children(some as young as five) worked in factories during daylight hours for six days a week
Wages tended to be low and when workers did not work they did not get paid
As more people move near factories for jobs towns turn into cities
Interchangeable Parts- product parts all made exactly the same
Mass production- each worker had specific job in assembling product
Assembly Line- automotive industry perfect the mass production system
Wide moving belt carried product to each worker
They attach a standardized part to the product
At the end of the line is the finished product

4. Changes in Transportation
Steamboats-1807 American Robert Fulton runs his boat the Clermont up the Hudson
Goods/people can travel safely across all bodies of water. (Not just oceans)
Railroads George Stephenson of England demonstrates first successful railroad locomotive powered by steam
Soon railroad tracks crisscrossed Europe and the United States
Automobiles Karl Benz of Germany creates first automobile powered by internal combustion motor
Henry Ford’s perfection of assembly line allows for mass production of automobiles-makes them more affordable
Airplanes Two Americans, Orville and Wilbur Wright, make first successful flight
Airplanes brings countries of world closer together.
People and goods can travel faster and farther than ever before.
Creates growth of countries and economic trade.

5. Changes in Agriculture
Inventions
1701- English farmer Jethro Tull invents the seed drill- plants seed in rows
Tull also invents horse-drawn hoe- breaks up soil between rows of crops
Changes in Land Use
Charles Townshend argued for planting certain crops in the “resting” field which will restore nutrients to soil (Crop rotation)
Enclosure Movement-landowners fence off large amounts of public land for their own use
Creation of larger fields allows for the use of these new agricultural methods and machinery highly efficient
Able to grow more food to sustain the growing population

6. Advancements in Communication
1830’s- Two Englishmen Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke, along with American F.B. Morse introduce the first telegraph.
1876- Alexander Graham Bell completes his work on the telephone
English inventor John Fleming and American Lee de Forest introduce early models of the radio

7. Changes in Power Sources
Early 1800’s-natural gas begins to be used to provide light and heat in factories-later began to be piped into homes
1859- Edwin Drake drills the first oil well in United States
Petroleum(oil) becomes an important power and fuel source
1831- British scientist Michael Farraday moves a magnet outside a wire coil to create an electric current
1879-American Thomas A. Edison invents the electric light bulb
1882-electric generators begin to be used to light city streets in London and New York

8. Challenges that Arise Workers Reform
Workers received low wages for long hours of work
Women were paid half or less than half of what men made
Children, some as young as five, were forced to work in factories
Working condition in factories were often unhealthy and dangerous
Industrial cities tended to be dirty and gloomy
Workers’ homes were close together and poorly constructed
Crime and sickness were at high levels in industrialized cities
1833-The Factory Acts
Limits the amount of working hours allowed for women and children
Men expected to make most of family income by working outside of home
Woman tended to the daily needs of the family

9. Labor Unions Movement
Unions- organizations of workers in particular occupation or industry
Collective Bargaining-union members elect representatives to present their requests or demands to an employer-if demands are not met workers could go on strike
Blacklisting-employers brand selected workers as undesirable employees

10. Environmental concerns
Air and water pollution becomes severe
Overcrowding in cities lead to poor living conditions
Spread of disease and illness due to large population in small areas
Need for natural resources
Look to Africa for those resources (Imperialism)