1. Chapter 7: Ethnicities
Unit 4

2. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Ethnicity = from the Greek ethnikos, meaning “national”
Ethnicities share a cultural identity with people from the same homeland
Ethnicities have distinctive cultural traits
Origin
Race = people who share a biological trait
Nationality: identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country.

3. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Introducing ethnicities
Discrimination
Preference due to past patterns of discrimination
Should ethnic identities be preserved, protected, and encouraged?

4. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Ethnicities in the U.S.
Hispanic Americans = 17%
Latino/Latina, Chicano/Chicana
Which group could be excluded from this category?
African American = 12%
Asian American = 5%
American Indian/Native Hawaiian/Alaskan Native = 2%

5. Distribution of Hispanics in the United States

6. Distribution of African Americans in the United States

7. Distribution of Asian Americans in the United States

8. Distribution of Native Americans in the United States

9. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Ethnicity and Race
What’s the difference?
Racism—race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
Racist—a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism

10. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Ethnic Enclaves
Examples:
Many times connected to chain migration

11. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
International Migrations of Ethnicities
Forced migration from Africa
Triangular slave trade
Voluntary migration from Latin America and Asia

12. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Internal Migration of African Americans
Interregional migration:
South to northern cities during first half of the 20th century
Sharecropper/sharecropping = new form of slavery
Areas of interregional migration:
East Coast
East Central
West Central
Southwest

13. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Internal Migration of African Americans
Intraregional migration:
Inner-city ghettos to outer-city and inner suburban neighborhoods during second half of 20th century
White Flight—emigration of whites from an area in anticipation of blacks immigrating into the area.
Blockbusting—real estate agents convinced white homeowners to sell their houses at low prices, preying on their fears that black families would soon move into the neighborhood and cause property values to decline

14. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Segregation by Race
United States:
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Jim Crow Laws
Brown v. Board of Ed (1954)
De Jure—
De Facto—
South Africa:
Apartheid—the legal separation of races into different geographic areas
4 Government-designated races: black, white, colored (mixed white and black), Asian
Nelson Mandela and the election of 1994

15. Why Might Ethnicities Face Conflicts?
Ethnicities and Nationalities
Nationality—identifies citizens of a country
Includes those born there and those that immigrated
Ethnicity—groups with distinct ancestry and culture
Sometimes these can be harder to discern, especially in the U.S.
Ethnicity and Nationality in the UK: English, Welsh, Scots, Irish

16. Why Might Ethnicities Face Conflicts?
Ethnicities and Nationalities
Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to a nationality
Promotes a sense of pride, puts one national above all others, emphasizes its culture and interests superior
Centripetal Forces: those that unite
Examples:
Centrifugal Forces: those that tear apart

17. Why Do Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide Occur?
Ethnic Cleansing—purposeful policy designated by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the population of another ethnic/religious group from certain geographic areas
Meant to rid an area on an entire ethnicity so that the remaining group can be the sole inhabitants
Not meant to just defeat and subjugate, want to remove the group completely
Genocide—the mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence

18. Why Do Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide Occur?
Forced migration in Europe
Largest forced migration to occur in Europe was during WWII
Jews, gypsies/Roma, other ethnic groups
Genocide also occurred
Multiethnic Yugoslavia
Ethnic Cleansing in Europe:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kosovo and Croatia
Balkanization—process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Balkanized—small geographic area that could not be organized into stable countries because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, antagonisms toward each other

19. Why Do Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide Occur?
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Africa
Sudan
Rwanda