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Chapter 12
Middle Adulthood
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Definition
The period of development after the early adult years but before retirement
Between 40 and 60 years of age
Some theorists suggest that developmental changes are gradual and progressive, but others express the concept of passing through distinct stages
See Lifespan Considerations
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3. Lifespan Consideration
Metabolic needs decrease during middle adulthood.
Diet and exercise should be a part of lifestyle
Changes of fat distribution, loss of elasticity of skin, and thinning hair, among other changes due to hormonal level changes
Middle-aged adults are at risk for cardiovascular disorders due to inappropriate diet, inadequate exercise, stress, and smoking
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Developmental Tasks
Erikson Stage-Generativity contributing to family and community
Stagnation-total concern about self and denial
Maintaining a positive self-image is important
Identity accommodation
Effect of the spouse or significant other on continued development and life stability is important
Adults in this age group are more productive if they feel loved and useful
The middle adult must manage finances and households and maintain family and social relationships
See Figure 12-1.
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Challenges
Maintaining optimum cognitive functioning is necessary
Adjusting to changes in relationships
Continue their education-remember may take more time to learn information but once retained it, it stays
Marital separation, divorce, major illness or injury, loss of income, or unplanned pregnancy
“Empty nest” syndrome
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Midlife Crisis
May grieve lost youth and missed opportunities
May start to engage in behaviors that are atypical for their character
See Figure 12-2.
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7. The Sandwich Generation
Must handle increased financial and emotional responsibilities related to their children and their older, and possibly dependent, parents
A fulfilling marriage will help validate positive self-esteem
Divorce, separation, conflicts with adult children or aging parents may have negative impact on psychological functioning
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Sexuality
Often focused on career goals and financial stability, little time or energy may be set aside to fulfill sexual needs
Options for sexual lifestyles for the single person
Gradual hormonal changes
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Reproductive Health
Climacteric-decrease in muscle mass, strength, and decrease in sex drive (libido)
Complex interactions exist among sex hormones, physiology, and physical and emotional well-being
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Women's Health
Menopause yrs of age;
Hot flashes-capillaries dilate and blood rushes to skin surface; then sweat and feel cold
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapy
See Boxes 12-1 and 12-2.
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Men's Health
Sexual concerns-decrease due to concern about performance and fears failure
Male climacteric involves a gradual decline in the blood concentration of testosterone
Screening for prostate cancer; new procedures to help diagnose
Testosterone-replacement therapy can help with strength, decrease fat accumulation, restore libido, and sense of well being, but does not correct erectile dysfunction
See Box 12-2.
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Physical Activity
Maintain fitness and avoid disease
Social outlet for an otherwise isolated person
Inform clients that exercise is essential but also explain that strenuous exercising can reduce testosterone levels lower
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Teaching Techniques
Stress can inhibit or motivate learning
Incorporate the independence and competencies of the adult learner
Provide information that coincides with the concerns and stresses such as health concerns and stressors common to this age group
See Table 12-1 and Figure 12-3.
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.