1. ARCHITECTURE OF DUAL CORE
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2. INTEL DUAL CORE
GHz bit 291 million transistors 45nm process 800 MHz FSB 10-65w TDP 143 mm’2dye size Socket LGA 775
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3. Intel® Dual-Core Processing Runs two independent processor cores in one physical package at the same frequency. Features up to 2 MB of shared L2 cache and 800 MHz Front Side Bus.
Intel® Wide Dynamic Improves execution speed and efficiency, delivering more instructions per clock cycle. Each core can complete up to four full instructions simultaneously.
Execution
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4. BLOCK DIAGRAM
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5. Cpu core Two cores sharing one bus interface
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6. Cache
Cache is a relatively small block of very fast memory. The data and instructions stored in cache are those that are most recently or most frequently used. Cache speeds up the internal transfer of data and software instructions. Level 1 is fastest, followed by Level 2
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7. What is L1 and L2? Level-1 and Level-2 caches
The cache memories in a computer
Much faster than RAM
L1 is built on the microprocessor chip itself.
L2 is a seperate chip
L2 cache is much larger than L1 cache
ALWAYS THE SIZE OF L1 CACHE IS SMALLER DUE TO MISMATCH OF SPEED BETWEEN L1 AND L2 CACHE
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8. Architecture The component of CPU include,
CU: Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of the processor.
ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit. Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations.(+, -, x, /, >,<, =)
FPU: Floating Point Unit. Performs division and large decimal operations.
Cache Memory: Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs.
I/O Unit: Input Output unit. The gateway for the processor.
Register : Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function.
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9. Basic Architecture CPU Bus Internal Buses Control Unit FPU ALU Cache
IO Unit
Register
FPU
CPU Bus
Internal Buses
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10. Processing Processing Secondary Storage Input Output
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11. The CPU CPU Memory Memory, however, is not part of the CPU.
The CPU interacts(affects) closely with memory (primary storage).
CPU
Memory, however, is not part of the CPU.
Memory
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12. Parts of the CPU Control unit Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) Registers
The CPU consists of a variety of parts including:
Control unit
Control Unit
ALU
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
Registers
Registers
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13. The Control Unit…
Directs the other parts of the computer system to execute(perform) stored program instructions.
Control Unit
The control unit communicates with the ALU and memory.
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14. The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)…
performs mathematical operations as well as logical operations.
ALU
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15. Mathematical Operations
The ALU can perform four kinds of mathematical calculations:
addition
subtraction
multiplication
division
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16. Logical Operations The ALU can perform logical operations.
Logical operations can test for these conditions(position):
Equal-to (=)
Less-than (<)
Greater-than (>)
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17. Equal-to Condition = If = Then
In a test for this condition, the ALU compares two values to determine if they are equal. If =
Then =
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18. Less-than Condition < If = Then
In a test for this condition, the ALU compares values to determine if one value is less than another. If =
Then
<
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19. Greater-than Condition
In a test for this condition, the ALU compares values to determine if one value is greater than another. If =
Then
>
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20. Registers…
are temporary storage areas for data or instructions.
Data held temporarily in registers can be accessed at greater speeds than data stored in memory.
Registers
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21. Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program, program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device.
Secondary
Storage
Input
Processing
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22. Executing Program Instructions
Once the necessary data and instructions are in memory, the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction:
CPU
Memory
Fetching
Decoding
Executing
Storing
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23. Fetching Instructions
Control Unit
ALU
The control unit fetches (gets) the instruction from memory.
Registers
Memory
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24. Decoding(solve) Instructions
The control unit decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU.
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
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25. Executing Arithmetic/Logic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data.
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
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26. Storing Results Memory
The ALU stores the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register.
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
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27. Executing Program Instructions
Eventually, the control unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage.
Secondary
Storage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
Output
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28. Instruction Time
The time it takes to fetch an instruction and decode it is called instruction time.
Memory
Control Unit
ALU
Memory
Control Unit +
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29. Execution Time
The time it takes to execute an ALU operation and then store the result is called execution(perform) time.
ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers +
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30. Memory Locations and Addresses
The control unit can find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address.
Control Unit
Memory
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31. Storage Locations Memory Each location has a unique address.
Each location in memory is identified by an address.
Memory
Each location has a unique address.
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32. Symbolic Addresses Memory % 17
The choice of the location in memory is arbitrary (determination). 17 $ %
Pat
Addresses can only hold one number or word.
364
Memory
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33. Data Representation
The system in which all computer data is represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system.
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34. Binary System
The binary system has only two digits to represent all values.
This corresponds to the two states of a computer’s electrical system —on and off.
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35. Off/On Switches off or on
The computer can represent data by constructing combinations of off or on switches.
off or on
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36. Zero or One?
The binary system can also be represented by the digits zero and one. or 1
Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary system.
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37. The Bit one bit two bits three bits
Each 0 or 1 in the binary system is called a bit.
one bit
two bits
three bits
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38. The Byte 1 1 1 A group of 8 bits is called a byte.1 1 1
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39. J One Character of Data =
Each byte represents one character of data (a letter, digit, or special character). 1 = J
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40. Intel DUAL-Core Processor
WORKING DUAL-CORE
->GETTING DATA FROM RAM (MEMORY) ->DATA GOES TO I/Q DEVICES ->DATA SHARED BY TWO CORES ->FSB (FRONT SIDE DATA BUS)WHICH IS DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO MEMORY
Intel DUAL-Core Processor
Die 1
Die 2
Shared L2 Cache
Intel
Core 1
Core 2
FSB
bottleneck
I/O
Chipset
other I/O links
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41. Hyper threading
A technology developed by Intel that enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion. Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once.
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42. Intel® DUAL CORE ! . core 1 core 2 core 1 Core 2 2 MB (Cache) data
1MB L2
1MB L2
2 MB (Cache)
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43. The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard, built 945/955 core logic. If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard, the system simply won't boot—neither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged. It simply won't work.
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44. Why multicore? New modern processors are launched
How to make a use of new technologies?
Dual-core CPU
Quad-core CPU 44
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45. • Difficult to make single-core clock frequencies even higher
• Deeply pipelined circuits(term):
– heat problems
• Many new applications are multithreaded
• General(common) trend in computer architecture
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46. • Editing a photo while recording a TV show
through a digital video recorder
• Downloading software while running an
anti-virus program
• “Anything that can be threaded today will
map efficiently to multi-core”
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47. computer architecture • Several new multi-core chips in design phases
• Multi-core chips an
important new trend in
computer architecture
• Several new multi-core
chips in design phases
likely to gain importance
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48. Microprocessor Speeds
Microprocessor speeds can be measured in a variety of ways:
Megahertz
MIPS
Megaflops
Fsb
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49. Megahertz
One measure of microprocessor speed is megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second. gigahertz(billions of cycles per second).
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50. MIPS
Another measure of microprocessor speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second.
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51. Megaflops
Megaflops, or one million floating-point operations per second, is still another measure of microprocessor speed.
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52. FSB
Front Side Bus (FSB(: Measured in megahertz (MHz), the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory. The faster this is, the better the performance will be.
􀂄 The Front Side Bus operates at a speed
which is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed.
􀂄 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer, the better the
performance of the CPU.
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53. Bus Lines
A bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths. A bus is like a mode of transportation for data.
Bus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the bus over which data can travel+--
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54. Bus Width(wide)
The amount of data that can be carried at one time is bus width (wider = more data).
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55. Processor Manufacturers
Intel (Integrated Electronics)
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)
VIA
Cyrix
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56. Processor Types Two types: Socket type Slot type.
Pin arrangement in the Socket type processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA).
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC).
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57. Types of Processors
PGA
SECC
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58. Intel Dual core
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59. Celeron DUAL CORE
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60. LGA 775 socket IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT
DUAL CORE, CORE 2 DUO,CORE 2 QUAD.
EACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET.
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61. Via nano as similar to dual core
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET . THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD
(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
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62. IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE ,CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUAD IT HAS MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1) IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
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63. Socket Known as the LGA 1366 or Socket B Contact points
Successor to the LGA 775 and completely incompatible
I7 is the first to use the LGA 1366
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64. FOR ANY QUERY CONTACT ROCK.GAME007@GMAIL.COM
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65. CREATED BY :-GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA 2-C
Thank for your time and patience
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