1. Measuring techniques of building façades
Rak Repair Methods of Structures II (4 cr)
Esko Sistonen

2. Information is needed:
the surface area of the façade to berepaired
-the whole façade dimensions, the original drawings (inaccurate or missing)
Information about the facade dimensional tolerances, especially important in the repair of the old facade in which it is covered with a cartridge or shell element solution
 Tachymeter+ GPS
Laser Distance Meter
DVP-photogrammetric method (stereo pairs of images)

3. KITARA- Rakentamisen laadun parantaminen 3D-mittaustekniikan avulla
The Use of ICT 3D Measuring Techniques for Visual Inspection of Building Facades
KITARA- Rakentamisen laadun parantaminen
3D-mittaustekniikan avulla

4. Background Research focus Methodology Some expected results
Building envelope
Deterioration of building facades
Visual inspection
Similar laser-scanning research (different fields)
Research focus
Methodology
Some expected results

5. Objective
to develop ICT-based tools to automatically retrieve dimensions of factory-made elements and their surface quality as well as deformations after installation and automatic comparison of these variables against 3D CAD models

6. The work consists of the following tasks:
1. To develop methods for analytic and visual inspection of deviations between planned and measured dimensions of component units.
2. To develop methods for verification of the skeletal structure of a building and surface quality of the facade.
3. To identify measuring devices and establish the tolerances for the new up-to-date component technology and to study the propagation of precision through the whole measurement process, considering both instrumental properties and measurement geometry.
4. To improve the measuring process at the construction site.
5. To study the potential of terrestrial laser scanner in construction monitoring.
6. To develope image based methods to extract geometric information from buildings and to create methods to produce image data suitable for CAD-overlaying.

7. Research focus
The research will focus on the building envelope facades, windows and outer doors.
Brick and concrete wall façades will be investigated.
The research doesn’t involve glass or steel facades (future work?).

8. Research procedure
Selecting of building facades (concrete and bricks facades)
Field work (Laser scanning and tacheometry as reference)
Image processing (Scanning software)
Model creation (AutoCAD)
Database design (include modeling data + photos?)
Develop condition surveying methods (feature extraction and inspection of the model)

9. Building envelope

10. Deterioration of building facades
Spalling of concrete cover due to corrosion
Cracking of concrete panels
Frost damage
Bending of concrete panels due to frost action

11. Visual inspection of building facades
Deformations and bending of concrete elements
Delamination of bricks and rendering coatings
Windows and doors cracks and paints etc (?)
Reconstitution (interpretation) of building facades and balconies (comparing to original drawings)

12. Literature review
Road surface texture inspection using high resolution
Transverse profile measurements
C. MAYS et al 2006,
Phoenix Scientific Inc.

13. Feature Extraction And Modeling Of Urban Building From Vehicle-Borne Laser Scanning Data B.J. Li, 2004 Hong Kong, China
Literature review
DoPP = Density of Projected points

14. Literature review
Deformation Measurement using Terrestrial Laser Scanning
at the Hydropower Station of Gabčíkovo
Thomas SCHÄFER, 2004
Slovakia

15. Selecting building facades

16. Selecting building facades
Raiviosuonmäki 7, Vantaa. Kohteessa on kaksi rakennusta 5- ja 4-kerrosta

17. Scanning FARO LS 880 laser scanner. www.faro.com
The tacheometer Leica TCA2003

18. Potential research idea
Current methods for evaluating earthquake damage for load bearing structures are visual
Laser scanning is a potential measurement method for forming a database of load bearing structures of important buildings, like airports, train stations, governmental buildings etc.
Quick scanning of damage after earthquake secure the safety of buildings & people
Before earthquake
After earthquake

19. Results
Examples from the literature review

20. Results
Examples from the literature review (quality control in the metal industry using laser scanning)

21. Detecting the Deterioration of Building Facades Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning Technique
Field measurements (TLS & Tachymeter)
Bowing of marble cladding building facades
Crack in the building facade footing
The surface structure of the marble panel

22. Bowing Potential Test

23. Bow-meter

24. Field measurements (LTS & Tachymeter)

25. Anna Erving

26. Building
Quality
KITARA- Rakentamisen laadun parantaminen 3D-mittaustekniikan avulla

27. Building
Quality
KITARA- Rakentamisen laadun parantaminen 3D-mittaustekniikan avulla

28. Building
Quality
KITARA- Rakentamisen laadun parantaminen 3D-mittaustekniikan avulla

29. Building
Quality
KITARA- Rakentamisen laadun parantaminen 3D-mittaustekniikan avulla

30. Antero Kukko

31. Crack in the building facade footing
Nina Heiska
KITARA- Rakentamisen laadun parantaminen 3D-mittaustekniikan avulla

32. The surface structure of the marble panel
Antero Kukko

33. Conclusions
Laser scanning is a new technology for acquiring building facade data in three dimensions with high accuracy and low processing time.
The rapid collection of 3D information serves several purposes including historical documentation, building condition documentation, construction as-built development, and BIM development.
The result will be:
Methods to automatically extract geometric information from laser scanner data
CAD-tools for analytical and visual monitoring of the building condition
laser scanner instrumental and methodological errors!!

34. Conclusions
3D laser scanning has become an emergingly prominent vehicle for acquiring building spatial data in three dimensions with high fidelity and low processing time. The rapid collection of 3D information serves several purposes across GSA business lines, including historical documentation, facility condition documentation, construction as-built development, and BIM development.

35. Concrete Solutions rd International Conference on Concrete Repair Venice/Padova, Italy 29 June-2 July 2009.
The potential of terrestrial laser scanning for detecting the deterioration of building facades

36. Outline of the presentation
Introduction
Introduction
Research project
Laser scanning
Building facades inspection
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Future work
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Future work
Page 36

37. Research project
This paper is a part of the research project: “Use of ICT 3D measuring techniques for high quality construction”
Research group:
Structural Engineering and Building Technology, TKK:
Fahim Al-Neshawy; Susanna Peltola; Jukka Piironen and Prof. Jari Puttonen
Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, TKK:
Anna Erving; Nina Heiska; Pano Salo and Milka Nuikka
Finnish Geodetic Institute:
Antero Kukko
Introduction
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Future work
Page 37

38. How laser scanning works
Laser scanners use either the Time-of-Flight (TOF) measurement method or phase-based measurement to obtain target point distance.
Time-of-Flight measurement is based upon the principle of sending out a laser pulse and observing the time taken for the pulse to reflect from an object and return to the instrument.
Advanced high-speed electronics are used to measure the small time difference and compute the distance range to the target.
The distance range is combined with high resolution angular encoder measurements to provide the three-dimensional (X,Y,Z) location of a point.
Laser scanner is capable of measuring up to 50,000 distances per second.
Introduction
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Future work
Page 38

39. Laser scanning data processing
Raw observations
collected by the scanner
Introduction
Field measurements
Raw XYZ
formatting and exporting the raw data into raw XYZ data from the scanning system
Results
Aligned XYZ
determined by processing third-party software
Conclusions
Future work
Processed model
is the basis for the interpretation and decision making
Page 39

40. Laser scanning for building facades inspection
Introduction
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Examples:
Deformations and bending of concrete elements
Delamination of bricks and rendering coatings
Reconstruction of building facades drawings (comparing to original drawings)
Future work
Page 40

41. FARO LS 880HE80 terrestrial laser scanning system
Field measurements
Introduction
Field measurements
Results
FARO LS 880HE80 terrestrial laser scanning system
Leica TCA2003 tachymeter
Sketch of the bow-meter and the location of the measuring points on the marble panel.
Conclusions
Future work
Measurement distance to the façade
4.5 m to the center of the facade
About 5 m to the corners
Page 41

42. Bowing of marble panels
Introduction
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Future work
Terrestrial laser scanning data, colored by the magnitude of the deformation in meters from the planarity.
Page 42

43. Bowing of marble panels
Introduction
The bowing of marble panels was calculated according the following formula:
where B is the bowing magnitude (mm/m) d is the measured value of bowing (mm L is the measuring distance between the supports of the marble panel in (mm).
The bowing of the convex and concave marble panels was calculated by fitting a second order curve to the laser scanning point cloud data from the centre line of the panel both in the vertical and the horizontal direction.
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Future work
Page 43

44. Bowing of marble panels: examples
Introduction
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Future work
Page 44

45. Bowing of marble panels
Introduction
Method
Marble panel
Type of bowing
B (mm/m)
Laser scanning
Mar–R4–C2 (Hal)
Convex 6
Mar–R4–C2 (Val) 9
Mar–R4–C4 (Hal)
Concave -6
Mar–R4–C4 (Val) -9
Tachymeter 8
-10
Manual measurement (Bow-meter) 5 7 -7
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Future work
Results of measurements carried out on the marble facade using terrestrial laser scanning system tachymeter and bow-meter
Page 45

46. Surface delamination of bricks
Introduction
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Aligned XYZ GeoMagic studio software
Future work
Page 46

47. Surface delamination of bricks
Introduction
Example of the delamination of bricks and the deterioration of joints detected from the laser scanning data.
The maximum delamination of the bricks (red colour) was about 10 mm from the outer surface.
The depth of the weathered plaster of the joint is about 10 mm.
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Future work
Page 47

48. Reconstruction of building facades drawings
Introduction
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Future work
Page 48

49. Conclusions
Laser scanning is not a replacement for existing condition survey techniques, but an alternative , which provides location based information on the building defects and deterioration
Terrestrial laser scanning technique gives a reasonable method for measuring the bowing of marble and many other kinds of cladding panels
The extracting of the deterioration features of building facades like surface delamination of bricks and joint failures can be performed from the laser scanning data
Due to large amount of three dimensional data, efficient computing and analysis tools are needed to be developed and tested
Introduction
Field measurements
Results
Conclusions
Future work
Page 49

50. Measurement technology (Real world)
Future work: 4D concept
Introduction
Field measurements
Time (years)
Results
Conclusions
Analysis
Laser scanning
Automatic evaluation of the condition of the structure
Condition survey database
Future work
Photogrammetry
Visual inspection
Measurement technology (Real world)
Page 50