1. SENSOR NETWORKS & INTERNET OF THINGS(IOT)
Internet of Things refers to the rapidly growing network of connected objects that are able to collect and exchange data using embedded sensors. Thermostats, cars, lights, refrigerators, and more appliances can all be connected to the IoT.
Amrita Das
Santhosh Subramanian
Shanil Sharma
Vijeta Gupta

2. SMART HOME TECHNOLOGY
Also called domotics. This technology is used to make all electronic devices act ‘smart’. Smart home technology is currently being implemented for entire house in particularly kitchen and living room. Basically, smart home facilitates users with security, comfortable living and energy management features as well as added benefits for disabled individuals.
– ECHO IV and the Kitchen Computer –Although it was never commercially sold, the ECHO IV was the first smart device. This clever device could compute shopping lists, control the home’s temperature and turn appliances on and off.
1901 – 1920– The invention of home appliances- “ Not Smart”
Commonly known as Domotics
Began to increase in popularity in the early 2000s.

3. Current Technologies WiFi Bluetooth/ BLE
Zigbee- IEEE based specification for high-level communication protocols used to create PANs.
Z-wave: Unlicensed ISM band and uses RF for
signaling and control.
6lowpan: acronym of IPv6 over Low power
Wireless Personal Area Networks.
Evolution of technologies used in the Smart Home Environments over the span of 40 years or so.
Data rate of Z-wave is 100kbps(distance between nodes is 30m) and Zigbee is 250kbps(distance between nodes is 10m)
Z-Wave: Zwave was developed by Zensys, Inc. a start-up company based in Denmark. Zwave was released in 2004.
The 6LoWPAN group has defined encapsulation and header compression mechanisms that allow IPv6 packets to be sent and received over IEEE based networks.

4. Limitations/Challenges
Security
Interoperability- Critical to driving consumer adoption of smart-home solutions going forward. The largest barrier is technological fragmentation within the connected home ecosystem.
High Cost
Customers may be hesitant to bet their IoT future on proprietary software or hardware devices that use proprietary protocols that may fade or become difficult to customize and interconnect

5. Innovation IoT Devices WiGig Bluetooth 5 Baiku’s Chopsticks
Amazon Echo
WiGig: Based on ad standard,WiGig operates in 60 GHz spectrum, which is less congested and complements existing Wi-Fi operating in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, to enable multi-gigabit performance for a range of applications such as wireless docking, augmented reality/virtual reality, multimedia streaming, gaming, and networking applications.Wider channels enable WiGig devices to achieve data rates of up to 8 Gbps
Bluetooth 5:Bluetooth 5 will quadruple the range, double the speed, and provide an eight-fold increase in data broadcasting capacity of low energy Bluetooth transmissions compared to Bluetooth 4.x, which could be important for IoTapplications where nodes are connected throughout a whole house.
Baiku’s Chopsticks: Foods in real-time by touching them with the chopsticks or placing the food inside the device's base module, and checking the data gathered against an internal catalogue of known foodstuffs. It will then transmit the results to a smartphone app.

6. Market
Revenue in the “Smart Home” market amounts to US$ 14,649m in 2017 with its highest in united states.
The “Smart Home” market is expected to show revenue growth of 33.1% in 2018.
In the “Smart home” market , the number of active households is expected to 80.4m by 2021.
The Average revenue per active household in the “Smart Home” market amounts to US $ in 2017.
The growth of Smart home in IoT has been growing every year at a fast pace and this growth is well reflected in the market figures
Source: Statista, October 2016

7. IoT & WSN in Healthcare
Health - primary element in the development of individual
Impact of IoT - still in initial stages but significant development
e-Health System - supplies valuable set of information to all stakeholders regardless of location
Expected to grow by 55% by 2020
Largest impact in the developing nations

8. IoT Healthcare Network
IPv6-based 6LoWPAN is the basis of the IoT network for the health
Sensors and wearables used IPv6 and 6LoWPAN systems for data transmission over the protocol
6LoWPAN doesn’t support mobile IPv6
To handle mobility - soliciting routers and sending DIS messages are the fastest methods

9. IoT Healthcare - Services & Applications
Glucose Level Sensing - In this method, sensors from patients are linked through IPv6 to relevant healthcare providers. It transmits somatic data on blood glucose.
ECG Monitoring - It is composed of a portable wireless acquisition transmitter and a wireless receiving processor. The system integrates a search automation method to detect abnormal data on a real time basis

10. Wheelchair Management - A system considering P2P and IoT technology provides for chair vibration control and detects user status
Adverse Drug Reaction - Patient’s terminal identifies the drug by means of barcode/NFC enabled devices. Checks the drug compatibility with the allergy profile

11. IoT Healthcare - Core Technologies
Cloud Computing - facilitates continuous access to resources and on request services to meet various needs
Grid Computing - Backbone of cloud computing. Required because of insufficient computational capabilities of sensor nodes
Networks - WPANs, WLANs, 6LoWPANs, WBANs
Ambient Intelligence - Continuous learning of human behaviour

12. IoT Healthcare - Challenges
Standardization - Multiple interface and protocols across devices
Technology Transition - Backward compatibility and flexibility
Scalability - Ability to meet increased requirement
Data Security - Save data from illicit access
Mobility - Responsible for connecting dissimilar patient environments

13. IoT Healthcare - Future Scope
Need to integrate IoT into patient care
Smart Hospitals
Ingestible IoT - a pill with an embedded sensor
Smart pills - medicine reminders, monitor glucose level, take photos of intestinal tract
Novel countermeasures to address security challenges

14. WSN and IOT in Manufacturing
IoT applications and benefits in Smart Manufacturing.
Designing for Manufacturing’s “Internet of Things”.
IoT technology in Manufacturing.
Wireless Sensor Networking for the Industrial IoT.

15. IoT Applications and Benefits in Smart Manufacturing.
Drive revenue, cut costs and innovate.
Monitoring machine performance and product quality.
Improving equipment uptime.
Gaining new market insights.

16. Designing for Manufacturing’s “Internet of Things”.
Every object embedded with a sensor and communicates with other objects and automated systems.
Analyze and exploit sensory network.
Low power processors.
Intelligent wireless networks
Networking needs of Industrial devices different from consumer world.
Requires Network Reliability and security.

17. IoT technology in Manufacturing
Wireless MU-MIMO-Multiuser Multiple Input/Multiple Output
RFID Localisation

18. Wireless MU-MIMO Latest Current Advancements
It enables the simultaneous transfer and receipt of network data across multiple devices.
Challenges
MU-MIMO routers don't allow downlink connections
Future Scope
Develop standards aiding MU-MIMO routers in the upload process.

19. RFID Localization Latest Current Advancements
Harvesting power from RF signals
Challenges
Lack the ability to connect RF powered devices to the internet.
Using conventional radio communication is challenging - consumes more power than available in ambient RF.
Require a dedicated gateway (like an RFID reader) for Internet connectivity.
Future Scope
Wi-Fi Backscatter: Internet Connectivity for RF-Powered Devices.

20. Wireless Sensor Networking for the Industrial IoT
WIRELESS MESH NETWORKING STANDARDS- Time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH), including IEC62591 (WirelessHART) and the forthcoming IETF 6TiSCH standard.
globally available unlicensed 2.4-GHz spectrum
CONCERNS
Network Security and Data Privacy- Strong encryption (e.g., AES128)
message integrity checks (MICs) in each message; and access control lists (ACLs)

21. Energy Management for IoT & WSN
•Interconnection of smart objects to provide services
•Energy efficiency - important factor - Battery Powered IoT devices
•Energy Conservations Issues & Solutions in Wireless Technologies
•WWAN - 3GPP LTE
•WLAN - Wi-Fi
•WPAN - Bluetooth

22. Internet of Things (IoT) network architecture

23. Energy Conservation Issues for WWAN Based IoT (3GPP LTE):
Massive number of IoT Devices
Overload/Congestion occurs when devices try to access the network simultaneously for data transfer
overload affects energy consumption - data loss - retransmission incurs more battery
Synchronization
Connection establishment between IoT/M2M devices & gateways

24. Energy Conservation Solutions for WWAN
3GPP DRX Mechanism
To manage power consumption
Discontinuous Reception/Transmission (DRX/DTX)
Every duration - device wakes up and checks Physical Downlink Control Channel

25. Energy Conservation Solutions for WWAN
Random Access Technique to avoid collision
Energy-efficient mechanism is to use Dynamic allocation of Random Access Channel
Dynamically increase/decrease the number of channels depending upon the access requests

26. Energy Conservation Issues for WLAN Based IoT (IEEE 802.11):
IEEE device - operating on Power Save Mode
Ad hoc Traffic Indication Map (ATIM)
Node remains awake & sends message during ATIM window
IEEE PSM - not adequate to operate battery operated devices & multi-hop network
severe collisions in multi-hop communications occurs due to power consumption

27. Energy Conservation Solutions for WLAN BAsed IoT
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
Restricted Access Window (RAW) mechanism
Use time slots assigned to the station and to access the medium - Reduces collision & ensure Power saving

28. Energy Conservation Issues for WPAN Based IoT (BLE)
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) - Most promising technologies for IoT applications
Duty cycle of Slave device - listens to Master
Every Sniff Point, device wakes up and - to check if it has to send/receive data
Issues occurs w.r.t Sleep time of the BLE devices to a battery level
Multicast messages transmitted may result in severe energy consumption for BLE devices.

29. Energy Conservation Solutions for WPAN BAsed IoT
fuzzy logic controller - calculates new values of the sleeping time for each connected BLE device according to the battery level and the ratio of throughput to workload
An optimized neighbor discovery mechanism that achieves a reduced number of multicast message transmissions by using node registration and neighbor cache management can be used.

30. Future Direction for Energy Conservation in Wireless Based IoT:
Essential component in development of next generation 5G
Small cell solutions such as pico-cells and femto-cells - to proliferate in future - Result in significantly lower power consumption.