1. Economics & Environment
Extra Help 

2. Agriculture
How many ppl in sub-Saharan Africa are involved in farming?
Over 2/3, 70%
Draw 2 pics comparing & contrasting shifting farming w/ sedentary farming.
Shifting entails moving every 1-3 yrs to clear new land (slash & burn) to make good soil
Sedentary is permanent, but only where there already is good soil

3. Agriculture
How does commercial farming pose a risky prob. for some African economies?
One bad season (too much rain, drought) or world depression (decrease in good’s price) will ruin entire country’s yearly income

4. Onion fields in
Mali
Subsistence farmers in Ghana- palm nuts
Chadian farmers riding to market. 75% of the country depends on subsistent farming

5. Agriculture
How did commercial farming in Zimbabwe create probs for subsistence farmers?
Plantations will have more $ and power, and be run by descendants of Europeans  get all good land
Small-scale farmers rebel  halts large-scale production no $$

6. Mugabe’s severe land reforms have prevented necessary food production famine, unemployment, inflation have skyrocketed
R. Mugabe

7. Agriculture
List 2 conservation farming methods which agriculturists have begun to practice.
Conservation farming: planting wisely, plant crops that won’t ruin specific soil as easily
Better fertilizers and new seed technology
Use irrigation instead of depending on rain

8. Logging & Fishing
Name 3 reasons ppl are cutting down forests? (*1/4 is forest)
Need for farmland (rapid pop. growth)
Cut wood for fuel and firewood
Logging companies export valuable wood for national income (small % of GDP)

9. Mining Resources
Who is the world’s largest producer of gold? Where is it?
South Africa; in the Witwatersrand (300 miles long)
Which regions are most mineral deposits located?
In the southern portion, & along Atlantic coast (west) most populated areas
Which countries belongs to OPEC?
Nigeria & Angola
(Algeria, Libya in North Africa)

10. Industrialization Why do countries lack industry & manufacturing?
Most lack basic needs (capital, infrastructure like bldgs & equipment, cheap nrg, and trained workers)
They also have to take out loans just to start
Many ship raw materials instead

11. Industrialization
In the late 1990s, what percent of this region’s GDP came from manufacturing?
15% ( %)
List at least 3 obstacles to industrialization.
Lack of skilled workers (edu. still new)
Untapped H20 power
Political conflicts (resources diverted)
Food is still imported just to feed ppl (focus diverted)

12. Transportation & Communication
Why is creating & maintaining trans. systems so difficult?
Lots of Δs in terrain (even up river)
Few natural harbors= few ports
Lack of skilled managers
Wars & lack of $ hinder progress

13. Transportation & Communication
What is the main source of technological communication?
Radio
TV & phone lines too hard to give to rural areas or across barriers
Newspapers not good w/ low lit. rates
How has e-commerce impacted the lives of many Africans?
With use of cyber-cafes, they can sell their product all over world w/o foreign company interference
Locals won’t buy their goods

14. Shadow of Hunger Name 2 countries on the “horn of Africa”?
Land that juts in Indian Ocean,
Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti
How has the Sahel become desertified?
Climate became more arid (major droughts in 60s & 90s)
Ppl & animals overgrazed/worked land (no vegetation to hold soil)

15. The Grand Mosque in Djenne: a good example of Sahelian sand architecture, in which support beams extend outward from the finished walls so that they might be continuously repaired.

16. Shadow of Hunger List 2 ways war impacts hunger?
Halts economic growth
Refugees strain resources on others
Violence can endanger relief workers, hinder food distribution
What 2 factors contribute to starvation in Sudan?
Most are subsistence farmers  affected greatly by drought
Civil war (over a decade) has led to more refugees, taxes on aid, foreign aid pulling out

18. Land Use List 3 problems with land use.
Deforestation: 1/2 gone; some countries have 90% gone
Creating preserves, using tree farming tech. to renew
Endangered animals: lose habitats to deforestation, new farmland, & poaching
Conservation parks: needed to help animals, but force ppl off land, straining their resources
Govn’ts offer ppl part of preserve $$ by working in parks…ECO-TOURISM profits