1. Classification History

2. Classification History
Taxonomy: Branch of biology that groups all life according to their characteristics and history
All life on earth is placed into 1 of 6 kingdoms:
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Classification
History
prokaryotes
eukaryotes

3. Classification is always a work in progress
Where did it all start?
Classification is always a work in progress
Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae
Animalia
Plantae
1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista
Protista
1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera
Fungi
Monera
Archaea
Bacteria
1959: fungi moved to own kingdom
1977: kingdom Monera split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea

4. The 6 kingdoms are classified into domains
Domains are above the kingdom level
Domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity
The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
From here, we will focus on the kingdoms, but don’t forget about the DOMAINS!

5. Developed classification system based on physical features
Many rules still used today
Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names
1st word: Genus (broad)
2nd word: Species (specific)
Example: House cat
Genus: Felis
Species: catus
Carolus Linnaeus
Felis catus

6. Is a coyote really called Eatius birdius?
Developed classification system based on physical features
Many rules still used today
Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names
1st word: Genus (broad)
2nd word: Species (specific)
Example: House cat
Genus: Felis
Species: catus
Carolus Linnaeus
Is a coyote really called Eatius birdius?

7. Developed classification system based on physical features
Many rules still used today
Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names
1st word: Genus (broad)
2nd word: Species (specific)
Example: House cat
Genus: Felis
Species: catus
Carolus Linnaeus
Canis latrans

8. Is a roadrunner really called Acceleratti incredibilis?
Developed classification system based on physical features
Many rules still used today
Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names
1st word: Genus (broad)
2nd word: Species (specific)
Example: House cat
Genus: Felis
Species: catus
Carolus Linnaeus
Is a roadrunner really called Acceleratti incredibilis?

9. Geococcyx californianus
Developed classification system based on physical features
Many rules still used today
Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names
1st word: Genus (broad)
2nd word: Species (specific)
Example: House cat
Genus: Felis
Species: catus
Carolus Linnaeus
Geococcyx californianus

10. Binomial Format Canis lupis Tyto alba Quercus alba When Writing:
Genus Capitalized
species lowercase
Underlined entirely
Ex: Homo sapiens
When Typing:
Same, except use italics (instead of underlining)
Canis lupis
Tyto alba Quercus alba

11. Why not use common names?
Common names can be misleading
Are sea horses really horses?

12. Why not use common names?
Common names can be misleading
Are jellyfish made of jelly?
Are jellyfish even fish?

13. Why not use common names?
Common names can be misleading
Are sea cucumbers edible fruit?

14. Why not use common names?
Common names vary from region to region
Robin
Robin
United States
England
Problem: They are two different species.

15. Why not use common names?
Common names vary from region to region
Cougar
Puma
Mountain lion
Problem: Cougars, pumas, and mountain lions are the same species. They are just called different names in different parts of the world.
Solution: A scientist would simply call these Puma concolor regardless of where they lived.

16. Taxa Defined: A group of organisms in a classification system.
7 individual levels (taxa) used to classify organisms
Kingdom (broadest)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (specific)
Allows relationships to be clearly seen
Taxa
Kings
Play
Chess On
Fine
Glass
Surfaces

17. Kingdom
Phylum
Cheetah
Classification
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

18. Red Wolf Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus
Species

19. Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Human
Classification
Genus
Species

20. Killer whale classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

21. The more levels in common...the more related the species.

22. Quick Question: Which two organisms are most related to one another?
Killer Whale K = Animals P = Chordata C = Mammals O = Cetacea F = Delphinidae G = Orcinus S = orca
Red Wolf K = Animals P = Chordata C = Mammals O = Carnivora F = Canidae G = Canis S = vulpes
Polar Bear K = Animals P = Chordata C = Mammals O = Carnivora F = Ursidae G = Ursus S = arctos

24. Using a dichotomous key
What is this item?

25. Using a dichotomous key
What is this item?

26. Review Who created the classification system used today
What is it based on?
Name the 6 kingdoms of life.
Which kingdom(s) are prokaryotic?
Which kingdom(s) may be unicellular?
Which kingdom(s) are bacteria?
Which two taxa make up an organism’s binomial name?
What happened to kingdom Monera?
Place the 7 levels of taxonomy in order from largest to smallest.
Name the 7 human taxa, from largest to smallest.