1. American History I - Unit 4 Ms. Brown
EARLY PRESIDENTS
American History I - Unit 4
Ms. Brown

2. Review
What is Hamilton’s legacy in American history? (what important things did he do?)
What is judicial review? Which SCOTUS case established it?
Why is TJ’s election to the presidency called the Revolution of 1800?
How does TJ’s purchase of the Louisiana Territory prove TJ was a “practical politician?”

3. Review
What is Hamilton’s legacy in American history? (what important things did he do?)
Patriot as a Revolutionary War veteran
Leader in the Federalist Party
1st Secretary of the Treasury (on the $10)
What is judicial review? Which SCOTUS case established it?
The power of the SCOTUS to evaluate the constitutionality of laws
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Why is TJ’s election to the presidency called the Revolution of 1800?
1st time a new political party is in power, transfer of power peacefully
He changed many policies – repealed A&S Acts, cut taxes/tariffs, reduced gov’t spending
He appealed to the common man – didn’t wear a wig, wore casual clothing
How does TJ’s purchase of the Louisiana Territory prove TJ was a “practical politician?”
He put aside his personal beliefs about politics and did what was best for the country.

4. 4.5 – THE WAR OF 1812
AH1.H.4.1 Analyze the political issues and conflicts that impacted the US through Reconstruction and the compromises that resulted.
AH1.H.4.2 Analyze the economic issues and conflicts that impacted the US through Reconstruction and the compromises that resulted.
AH1.H.5.1 Summarize how philosophical, ideological, and/or religious views on freedom and equality contributed to the development of American political and economic systems.
AH1.H.5.2 Explain how judicial, legislative, and executive actions have affected the distribution of power between levels of government.
AH1.H.6.1 Explain how national economic and political interests helped set the direction of US foreign policy.
AH1.H.7.1 Understand the impact of war, focusing on political implications.
AH1.H.7.2 Understand the impact of war, focusing on economic implications.

5. Jefferson’s Reelection
TJ was very popular in both political parties after the LA Purchase
Dem-Reps – got more farmland
Federalists – got a bigger national government and the precedent of expanded presidential power
1804 – Jefferson reelected to 2nd term

6. Foreign Troubles Brew 1806 - France and Great Britain at war… again.
Napoleon stopped British goods from entering Europe
Great Britain blockaded France’s ports.
Blockade – to block trade by preventing ships from leaving or entering ports.
France turned to the US to help ship their goods to and from French colonies in the Caribbean → $$$ for US!

7. Foreign Troubles Brew
British angered by France/US relations → 1805 – British began seizing US ships and started the impressment of US sailors
taking US sailors and forcing them to serve in the British navy.

8. EMBARGO of 1807 – ban on ALL trade
Jefferson’s Embargo
TJ outraged by British impressment of US citizens.
Wanted to punish Great Britain BUT knew the British navy was more powerful than the US navy.
Embargo Act of 1807 – TJ banned all US trade with ALL foreign nations.
Embargo – official ban on trade with other nations
US trade to Europe
EMBARGO of 1807 – ban on ALL trade

9. Jefferson’s Embargo

10. Jefferson’s Embargo Made Jefferson unpopular
Dem. Reps – cannot make money on selling crops to other countries.
Federalists – cannot make money selling manufactured goods to other countries.
Cost more than actually going to war in the first place.
1809 – Embargo lifted with all countries, except England and France.
Too little, too late.

11. Jefferson’s Legacy Patriot - wrote Declaration of Independence
Anti-federalist - Pushed for the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution
1st Secretary of State
Opposed Hamilton’s Economic Plan
Supported French Revolution
Resigned after the Citizen Genet Affair
3rd POTUS
Democratic Republican
Revolution of 1800
LA Purchase
Embargo

12. Election of 1808 Madison (Dem Rep) vs Pinckney (Fed)
Madison = 4th POTUS!
Continues the Virginia Dynasty
Another Dem Rep as POTUS
Reelected to 2nd term

13. Trouble With Natives
General William Henry Harrison persuaded several NA chiefs to sign away 3 million acres
Tecumseh wanted the natives to RESIST!
Tecumseh - Shawnee Chief
An intelligent diplomat and negotiator
Began negotiations with the US to leave Native land alone
Began negotiations with the British for assistance in a possible war with the US

14. Battle of Tippecanoe Negotiations with the US were not successful
The Prophet
Negotiations with the US were not successful
Tecumseh’s brother, the Prophet, was more aggressive and fed up with the US
The British supplied natives with guns to fight the US
Tecumseh

15. Battle of Tippecanoe
1811 – Tecumseh was gone, the Prophet decided to attack General Harrison’s troops
Battle of Tippecanoe
1811 – Tippecanoe River
Shawnee Tribe vs. General Harrison’s troops
Harrison defeated natives and burned the Shawnee capital
Heavy US losses
Harrison → national hero!

16. War Hawks Demand Action
War Hawks – a group of young congressmen from the south and west who wanted war with England
John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay
Angered over British impressment of US sailors AND the supply of guns to Native tribes to fight the US
“On to Canada!”
England owned Canada → fight British there

17. Question-Formulation Technique
What questions about the images do you have?
What do the images make you wonder?

18. Question-Formulation Technique
Refine your questions.
Make statements into questions.
Make all yes/no questions into open-ended questions.
EX: “Was this flag from the past?” → “When and where was this flag flown?”
Prioritize your questions.
Pick your top 3 questions to share with the class.
Hopefully we can answer these questions!

19. War of 1812
1812 – Madison urged Congress to declare war on England → Congress agreed
Hurting US trade with impressment
Instigating fights between the US and Natives (supplying guns)
War of 1812
“Second American Revolution” – fighting with the British again
US wanted to invade Canada
No increase of navy, plus the US couldn’t beat British navy
US doesn’t want to fight on their own land
US doesn’t want to send troops to England

20. War of 1812 US troops unprepared and poorly trained for war
Lack of military leadership
War on land
British captured Detroit (US retakes 1 year later)
US failed to capture Montreal
Natives fought with British or US troops depending on pre- war relationships
Tecumseh fought with the British

21. War of 1812 War at sea England blockaded the eastern coast of US
Experiment to test young US navy – only 16 ships
3 warships with many guns were able to take down several British ships
England blockaded the eastern coast of US
No exporting or importing
Designed to financially hurt the US enough to surrender
US industries boomed, but agriculture suffered → increased sectionalism

22. First Reference to “Uncle Sam”
Samuel Wilson, owner of a meat-packing business in NY, supplied barrels of cured meat to the army, stamping the barrels “U.S” for United States.
Joke that “U.S.” stood for “Uncle Sam” → now represents American values of hard work, honesty, and patriotism

23. Burning of Washington DC
During the war, British troops burned and destroyed many towns along the US eastern coast
August British troops marched into Washington DC and burnt the newly built Capitol Building, White House, and other buildings to the ground.
British revenge for US victory at Battle of York in Canada – US burnt the governor’s mansion and legislative building.

24. Battle of Baltimore
September 12-15, British vs US land and sea forces clashed in the port of Baltimore at Fort McHenry.
An American flag (15 stripes and stars) was flown in Fort McHenry during the 3 day battle to show observers that the fort had not been taken by the British.
American victory!

25. Battle of Baltimore
Francis Scott Key witnessed the battle and the torn flag and composed the poem “Defense of Fort M’Henry.”
4 stanza poem about the flag’s continued appearance throughout the battle.
Key’s brother-in-law realized the words fit the tune of a popular British tune - “To Anacreon in Heaven.”
The song was printed in newspapers in the following months and became very popular.
By the end of the 1800s, the song became known as the “Star Spangled Banner.”
President Hoover signed a law to make the “Star Spangled Banner” the official American anthem!

26. Where is the flag now?
The “Star Spangled Banner” is on display at the Smithsonian Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.

27. Decline of the Federalist Party
Federalists in New England opposed the war
Lost money during the Embargo of 1807
Frustrated with 15 years of Dem-Rep control
December The Hartford Convention
Federalists met to discuss grievances about the nation and the war
Proposed the idea of succession (leaving) from the US and making a separate peace-deal with England
Made the Federalists looked weak, considered traitors → party never recovered

28. The Hartford Convention
Northern States
King of England
Thomas Pinckney, Federalist leader
List of War of 1812 heroes

29. Treaty of Ghent US failed to invade Canada successfully
British failed to invade US successfully
War was causing both nations to lose money and lives
Christmas Eve 1814 – signed the Treaty of Ghent - Armistice agreement between US and England to end the War of 1812
Armistice - an agreement to end fighting

30. Battle of New Orleans
January 1815 (2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent) – Tennessee General Andrew Jackson defeated British troops and Natives in New Orleans
Hundreds of British troops and Natives killed
Only a few US soldiers died
After the official end of the war BUT still a US victory!

31. Aftermath of the Treaty of Ghent
Didn’t address the causes of the war… tensions still existed.
Impressment
Trade restrictions
Native American relations
1815 – US and Great Britain finally resumed trading
1817 – US and Great Britain set the US-Canadian border from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains
Agreed to jointly own the Oregon Territory for 10 years

32. Effects of the War of 1812 US gains international respect
Stronger navy
Able to hold off British advancements
Federalist party declines
Increased sectionalism
Northern industry grew due to the British blockade
Southern agriculture suffered
Rise in nationalism and patriotism during the war
Star Spangled Banner, Uncle Sam

33. Final Thoughts…
America starts off with little money or confidence but through…
strengthening of the federal government,
expanding the nation’s size,
and proving its strength during the War of 1812,
The US is able to solidify itself as a permanent and tried member of the world!
However… growing sectionalism in the North and the South could destroy the US from within!