1. Industrial Revolution & Age of Reform
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2. Revolution Begins
Agricultural Revolution- Wealthy landowners began to enclose fields with fences and hedges
Called enclosure movement
Movement had two effects:
New agricultural methods developed
Small farmers forced to become tenants of larger farmers or move to city

3. Agricultural Revolution
Crop rotation was one of the most important developments
Farmers planted a different crop each year allowing the soil to retain its nutrients
Production Increased

4. Where the revolution begins
Begins in England because:
1. England had water power and coal to fuel new machines
2. Had iron ore to construct buildings, machines, etc.
Rivers gave inland access for transportation
Harbors from which ships could sails

5. Why England?
In addition to natural resources, England had expanding economy
Strong economy was necessary to spur industrialization
Bank loans were available
Had growing overseas trade
England had all the FACTORS OF PRODUCTION needed for industrial growth
Factors = land, labor & capital ($)

6. Changes in ways of life Urbanization = growth of cities
: # of cities with 100,000+ people grew from 22 to 47
London became Europe’s largest city with over 1 million people by 1800
Living conditions:
There were no sanitary (clean) or building safety codes
Cities lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection
Entire families often lived in one room

7. Changes in ways of life Working Conditions: Class Tensions:
Average worker spent 14 hours a day – 6 days x work
Factories were dark and dirty
There was no health or unemployment insurance
Injuries were common
Class Tensions:
A new Middle Class developed
Made up of skilled workers, business people and professionals

8. Class Tensions
Upper class landowners looked down on those who worked for a living
Poor workers saw little improvement in their standard of living
Many workers were replaced by machines
Luddites: workers in England who rioted between
Would secretly wreck cotton power looms and wool shearing machines

9. Effects of Industrialization
Rise of global inequality – Widened the gap between industrialized (haves) and non-industrialized nations (have nots)
Gave rise to colonization and imperialism by powerful countries
Changed lives:
Life expectancy increased
Prices of goods declines
Education and participation in govt. was available to more people

10. Laissez-Faire Economics
Laissez-faire = “Let people do as they please”
LF= economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions
Adam Smith & Co. argued:
Free Trade & Economy good
Govt. setting minimum wage, high tariffs (taxes on imported goods) & working condition laws upset the economy
Policy favors free market unregulated by government
Capitalism: economic system in which $ is invested in business ventures with goal of making profit

11. Rise of Socialism
Utilitarianism: People should judge ideas/actions based on its usefulness
UTIL = Govt. should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest # of people
Socialism: Economic system in which factors of productions (land, labor, capital/wealth) are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
Socialists argued that the govt. should actively plan the economy rather than depend on free market capitalism

12. Communism Karl Marx & Fredrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto
According to Marx, the Industrial Revolution had caused a conflict between the haves (wealthy owners) and the have nots (poor workers)
Marx believed Capitalism would eventually destroy itself, because the majority (workers) would eventually revolt against the few (owners)
Workers would then decide to distribute wealth equally
Communism: Form of complete socialism in which the people (govt.) would control all factors of production and wealth would be shared equally (what separates it from traditional socialism)