1. Linguistic varieties and multilingual nations
Language and Society

2. Vernacular languages An uncodified or unstandardized variety
Not the official language of a country
The most colloquial variety in one’s linguistic repertoire

3. Standard languages A prestigious variety Codified and stabilized
Used for H function

4. Lingua franca
A regular means of communication between different linguistic groups in a multilingual speech community.
Between groups of different L1 speakers
Initially as trade languages

5. Regional lingua franca
Global lingua franca?

6. World Englishes INNER OUTER EXPANDING England, Canada, Australia
115 million
OUTER
Malaysia, Singapore, India
375 million
EXPANDING
Japan, Korea, Russia
750 million

8. QUESTIONS?