1. Linguistic varieties and multilingual nations Nany Soengkono M

2. Vernacular languages  The first language learned by people in multilingual communities  The variety used for communication in the home and with close friends  Simply means a language which is not an official language in a particular contest (Hebrew vernacularisation)

3. Hebrew  In the past  no native speakers  No parental tongue Now  Vernacularisation  The national language of Israel

4. Standard language  Recognized as a prestigious variety or code by a community  Generally is written, and has undergone some degree of regularization or codification  The most useful and widely used as an official language or the national language (ex.Standard English)

5. Standard English  Originally, a regional English dialect  In 15th, widely used in the Court and the influential merchants of London  Two universities, Oxford and Cambridge, used it for literature or politics  London has become the hub of international trade and export

6. Lingua franca  Eventually displace the vernacular  A simplified speech used for communication between people with different languages  Serves as a regular means of communication between different linguistic groups in a multilingual speech community

7. The development of Pidgin and Creole Varnacular+ Other prestigious languages Pidign Creoles

8. The differences between Pidgin and Creole DevelopmentStructureVocabulary *Transactional *Referential *Functional *Administrational *Simplified *Describtive *Substrate (vernacular) *Lexifier ( Prestigious) (supertrate) *No- ompliteness *Derived from Pidgin which requires native speakers *Expanded *Systematic *Signaling *more functional *More vocabularies

9. The differences between Pidgin and Creole AttitudeUsing domain *Ridiculous *Low-prestigious *Negitive *Restricted *Transportation city *Trading port *Respectable *Strong loyalty *Solidarity *Positive *Wide range of domain

10. The development of Pidgin ‘ s structure Varnacular language+ prestigious languages ( 台語 ) + ( 國語 ) Substrate Supertrate (Structure) (Vocabulary) Pidgin ( 台灣國語 )( 例 : 吃飽沒 )