1. Erik Erikson Who was he? What did he do?
Psychologist who focused on Social development
Known for his work on adolescence and identity
What did he do?
He developed a theory involving 8 stages of psychosocial development
Each stage involves a crisis or question

2. Social Development
Preview Question 11: What are the social tasks and challenges of adolescence?

5. Developing Morality
Kohlberg (1981, 1984) sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas to children and adolescents, such as “Should a person steal medicine to save a loved one’s life?” He found stages of moral development.
AP Photo/ Dave Martin

6. Lawrence Kohlberg Who was he? What did he do?
Psychologist who researched moral development
What did he do?
Developed 3 levels of moral development (ways people judge what is right or wrong)
“moral ladder”

7. "The Heinz Dilemma"
Kohlberg based his theory upon research and interviews with groups of young children. A series of moral dilemmas were presented to children, who were then interviewed to determine the reasoning behind their judgments of each scenario. The following is one example of the dilemmas Kohlberg presented…

8. "Heinz Steals the Drug”
In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug.

9. Should the husband have done that? (Kohlberg, 1963)."
The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife.
Should the husband have done that? (Kohlberg, 1963)."

10. Kohlberg and Moral Development
Kohlberg was not interested so much in the answer to the question of whether Heinz was wrong or right, but in the reasoning for the participants decision. The responses were then classified into various stages of reasoning in his theory of moral development.

11. Moral Decisions are based on:
At Preconventional Level:
Consequences of the action
Benefits from the action
At Conventional Level:
Love and approval
The law and social rules
At Postconventional Level:
Fairness, justice and the truth
Ethical principles that apply to everyone
(what is right for the world, for ALL people)

12. 3 Basic Levels of Moral Thinking
Preconventional Morality: Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward.
Conventional Morality: By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake.
Postconventional Morality: Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles. Many people never get to this level!

14. Nature vs Nurture The issue: How much of development is the result of
inheritance (heredity…nature)?
How much of development is the result of what
we have learned (environment…nurture)?

15. Twin Studies

16. Fraternal twins, who develop from separate fertilized eggs, are genetically no more similar than ordinary brothers and sisters.
Identical twins, who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, are genetically identical. They are nature’s own human clones.

17. Nurture begins in the womb
Two-thirds of identical twins share the same placenta, and therefore a more similar prenatal environment

18. Adoption Studies
Are adopted children more like their adoptive parents who contribute a home environment or their biological parents, who contributed their genes?
Studies of adoptive families have provided clues to hereditary and environmental influences. Adopted children share many values and attitudes with their adoptive parents, but adopted children’s personalities tend to be more similar to their biological parents.

19. “Heredity deals the cards; environment plays the hand
“Heredity deals the cards; environment plays the hand.” Psychologist Charles L. Brewer (1990)

20. Nature vs Nurture
Do you think you are more a product of nature or nurture or both? Why?
Give examples.

21. Sigmund Freud Who was he? Father of Psychoanalytic Psychology
What did he do?
He studied how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behaviour
He developed 5 stages of psychosexual development
He believed that all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges

22. Psychodynamic Perspective
Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the unconscious mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms.
Culver Pictures
Sigmund Freud
( )

23. Exploring the Unconscious
A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free association) in order to tap the unconscious.

24. The Nightmare, Henry Fuseli (1791)
Dream Analysis
Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams.
The Nightmare, Henry Fuseli (1791)

25. Psychoanalysis
The process of free association (chain of thoughts) leads to painful, embarrassing unconscious memories. Once these memories are retrieved and released (treatment: psychoanalysis) the patient feels better.

26. Psychoanalysis A form of therapy aimed at making patients aware
of their unconscious motives so that they can gain
control over their behaviour.
Free Association
Method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

27. Free Association Test time death red mother fear home school friend1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10.
time
death
red
mother
fear
home
school
friend
love
hate

28. Frustration: breast feeding
Frustration: toilet trailning
Frustration:Oedipus conflict (boys)
Electra conflict (girls)