1. Common Substances Essential to Living Things
1.3
Common Substances Essential to Living Things

2. A. Organic vs. Inorganic
organic compounds are large complex molecules made up of carbon with hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
inorganic compounds are substances that do not contain carbon (except carbon oxides like carbon dioxide and carbonate compounds)
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3. B. Macronutrients vs. Micronutrients
nutrients are elements and compounds that are needed for organisms to live, grow and reproduce
macronutrients are the 9 nutrients that are needed by organisms in large amounts…
C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Mg, Ca
micronutrients are substances needed in trace (very small) amounts by organisms
eg) selenium
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4. C. Nutrient Levels
sometimes too much nutrient can interfere with the absorption of other nutrients
eg) K can interfere with the absorption of Mg in farmer’s crops
the optimum amount is the amount of a substance that provides the best health for the organism
too much or too little of any nutrient can have harmful side effects
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5. D. Carbohydrates
carbohydrates are organic compounds that are made up of C, H and O
these atoms form simple carbohydrates called sugars
sugars can then be linked together in complex molecules like starch, cellulose and glycogen
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6. found in foods like rice, pasta, bread, fruit, potatoes
carbohydrates are our main source of energy however excess carbs are turned into fat
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7. E. Lipids
lipids are organic compounds made up of C, H and O which are arranged into chains of fatty acids
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8. both plants and animals make lipids
found in fats and oils like butter, lard, canola oil and in many foods such as nuts, meat, chocolate, peanut butter etc.
both plants and animals make lipids
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9. F. Proteins
amino acids are small organic molecules made up of C, H, O and N
40 to 500 amino acids are linked together in chains to form different proteins
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10. found in meat, eggs, fish, dairy products, tofu
used by organisms for growth and repair of body tissues and to make enzymes and hormones
found in meat, eggs, fish, dairy products, tofu
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11. G. Nucleic Acids
nucleic acids are organic compounds made up of C, H, O and N
they are molecules of ribose sugars and phosphates
nucleic acids are the building blocks of DNA and RNA
they are the most complicated molecules found in living things
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12. How Organisms Take in Substances
1.4
How Organisms Take in Substances

13. A. Plants there are 3 ways for plants to get water and nutrients:
1.     diffusion
2.     osmosis
3.     active transport
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14. Diffusion
diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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15. it is a passive process which means no extra energy is needed
nutrients in the soil (higher concentration) will diffuse into the roots (lower concentration)
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16. Osmosis osmosis is the diffusion of water
water will move from the soil (higher concentration) into the roots (lower concentration)
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
no extra energy is needed
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
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17. Active Transport
active transport is the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
energy is needed!!!
nitrogen is actively moved from the soil (lower concentration) into the roots of the plant (higher concentration)
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18. movement from low to high concentration
root
movement from low to high concentration
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19. B. Animals ingestion is the process of taking in food
food is broken down physically (chewing) and chemically (mixture with enzymes)
large organic molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler particles by hydrolysis
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20. nutrients are then absorbed into our bloodstream which carries the nutrients to all cells in the body
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21. C. Substrates
a substrate is a material on which an organism lives, moves or feeds
some organisms live on a substrate
eg) barnacles on rock
some organisms feed on a substrate
eg) cheese mould
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22. some substrates are rich in nutrients
eg) loam soil
some are poor in nutrients
eg) snow – red algae can survive on it
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