1. Amy McPhail The Essential World History, 6th ed. Duiker & Spielvogel
Period 2: Organization & Reorganization of Human Societies Chapter 3: States & Empire in Euraisa/North Africa, 600 B.C.E C.E.
Amy McPhail
The Essential World History, 6th ed. Duiker & Spielvogel

2. Essential Questions What is an empire?
How did the Persian and Greek civilizations differ?
Name the empires of this era, their contributions and when each rose and fell, and what caused them to rise and fall.
What was the role of the city-state for the Greeks?
Describe the empire under Alexander the Great
How did the Hellenistic Era impacted culture across the region?

3. Civilizations become Empires
What is an empire? A supreme authority aggressively unites different states into a common culture. Exchange ideas, values.
Persian Empire 500 B.C.E. (Egypt to India) (50 million people) Absolute, unapproachable monarch. Conquest. Accepted non-Persian culture. Standardized coinage, charged predictable taxes, set up irrigation.
Greek Empire 750 B.C.E. Hundreds of independent city states (3 million people)Geographically separated. Common culture. Expanded by settling. Citizens participate in political life. Athens-direct democracy.

4. Greek Polic: City State
Greek city-states developed different forms of government and political structure.
Greek expansion spread Greek language and culture; heightened tensions with the neighboring Persian empire, resulting in the Persian Wars.
Athens developed democratic institutions and culture; became strong and allied with other city-states.

6. Pre-Humans

7. Collision: The Greco-Persian Wars
Even though the Persians greatly outnumbered the Greeks, the Greeks successfully held off their Persians on land and sea.
Source of pride.
To Westerners Persia represented Asia ruled by kings while Greece represented Europe represented by the citizens.
Promoted Athenian democracy

8. Alexander the Great & the Hellenistic Era(323-30 B.C.E.)
Philip of Macedon takes over (338 B.C.E.) politically unifies Greece!
Philip of Macedon unites Greece
His son, Alexander, created a Greek empire ( B.C.E.)from Egypt to India defeating Persia.
Conquest disseminated Greek Hellenistic Era (
Geek became to language of power.
Cities (Alexandria) culturally diverse; authoritative.
Macedonians and Greek were the elite.

9. Alexander the Great
Famous for his military power and is a legendary figure in history..
His success was built on his father’s achievements and the political instability of the regions he conquered.
The Hellenistic empires far outlasted Alexander the Great and spread Greek culture through Europe, West Asia, and North Africa.
Alexander the Great

10. Rome
Rome started as a small city-state in central Italy.
It soon transformed into one of the greatest empires of all time.

12. Roman Republic Political Life
Early in their history, Romans rejected the monarchy and embraced a republic.
At first, the patricians maintained control of the government with two consuls at the helm.
These consuls were advised by the Senate.
Soon the lower class Plebeians demanded more rights and participation in Roman society.

13. Roman Republic Law & Downfall of Ideals
“The values of the republic – rule of law, the rights of citizens, the absence of pretension, upright moral behavior, keeping one’s word…”
These were the ideal standards for Roman political life early on.
However, Roman Republican ideals could not withstand the expansion of the Roman empire and soon gave way to autocratic rule by different emperors.

14. The Roman Empire
509 B.C.E. Roman aristocrats established Rome as a Republic with a Senate, written code of law and public assemblies.
490 B.C.E. expansion launched. Control all the Mediterranean basin. Naval power.
Army was effective.
Roman upper class men had absolute control over his household. Women bore sons for the Empire. Elite women had control of their property.
Wealth of empire led to a civil war in first century B.C.E. Republic transferred to an empire under Augustus.
Roman Republic to Roman Empire
Augustus referred to Rome as a republic calling himself the first man rather than emperor.

16. How did they differ? The Republic paved way for empire
Roman Republic
Roman Empire
elected representatives had political power
flourished and expanded 
Elected senators became powerful with the expansion of territories
Fixed terms
 Difficult to control increasing territories
generals became politically powerful
Julius Caesar ruled entire Rome
Augustus became emperor of Rome. 

17. How did Rome expand from a city to an empire?.
Governed under a republic of elected leaders
gradually changed
defend territory and to conquer new lands
Rome changed.
14 C. E.-republic a memory.
Power in supreme ruler, the emperor.

18. The Spread of Agriculture

19. What caused the Roman Empire’s rise?
Established political system (republic) & code of law.
Republic : Moral, honest, rule of law, rights of citizens.
500 year piecemeal expansion based on acquiring wealth.
Sought out for wealth and resources
Italian peninsula
Punic Wars (North Africa)
Eastern Mediterranean (wealth of Greece, Egypt and Mesopotamia)
Southern & Western Europe .

20. Pax Romana
What was the pax romana?
Why was it important?

21. Qin Dynasty
Qin Shihuang reunited the warring state of China to recreate a new Chinese Empire.

22. Legalism
Qin used strict and clear rules to administer his empire.
Harsh punishments were given to those who broke the law.

23. Qin’s Rule
Qin’s expansion was often brutal and relied on strong military force.
Dissidents were either killed or moved closer to the capital so the emperor could keep an eye on them.
To keep out foreigners, Qin built the Great Wall of China using coercive labor.

24. Fall of Qin
Because of his brutal rule, the Qin dynasty fell quickly and was replaced by the Han dynasty.
The Han dynasty rejected legalism for a more moderate philosophy known as Confucianism

25. What caused the Chinese Empire’s rise?.

26. How were the Chinese and Roman Empires Connected politically, socially, and economically?

27. Essential Questions
What are the political, social and economic connections between Roman and Chinese empires? Chart it.
What cause the rise for of the Roman and Chinese empire? Add to the chart.
When was the Roman Republic? Roman Empire? How did they differ?
How did Rome expand from a city to an empire?

28. "After the establishment of one-man rule at the end of the first century BCE, for more than two hundred years there is no significant history of change at Rome. Autocracy represented, in a sense, an end of history. Of course there were all kind of events, battles, assassinations, political stand-offs, new initiatives and inventions; and the participants would have have all kinds of exciting stories to tell and disputes to argue. But unlike the story of the development of the Republic and the growth of imperial power, which revolutionised almost every aspect of the world of Rome, there was no fundamental change in the structure of Roman politics, empire, or society between the end of the first century BCE and the end of the second century CE." From Mary Beard, SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome (New York: 2015),
What is Beard’s claim about how the creation of the Roman Empire affected continuity and change in Rome?
The late Republic was a period of revolutionary political and social change; the early empire was a period of political and social stability
Both the late Republic and the early empire were periods of revolutionary political and social change
Both the late Republic and early empire were periods of political and social stability
The late Republic was a period of political and social stability; the early empire was a period of revolutionary political and social change

29. Describe the political features of the Qin dynasty.
How did emperors build and keep power?
Why is China’s Mandate of Heaven important?
How did religions develop and spread?
Quiz: Pick five of the following:
1. How are the Roman and Chinese empires connected politically, socially and economically?
2. What cause the Roman Empire to rise and fall?
3. How did the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire differ?
4. How did Rome grow from a single city to the center of a huge empire?
5. How did the Roman and Chinese Empires maintain power?
6. Why is China’s Mandate of Heaven significant?
7. How was Christianity developed and spread in Europe and Buddhism developed and spread in Asia?

30. Common Features of Roman & Chinese Empires
Used universal terms to define Empire. EXample: Chinese state included “all under heaven”
Invested in public works (roads, bridges, Etc.)
Used spiritual to support the authority of the ruler.
China’s Mandate of Heaven was a moral universal force.
It required the ruler to rule morally to have the support of the people.
Took on a foreign religion.
Romans- Christianity (from a small group)
China-Buddhism (came from India)

31. Differences between Roman & Chinese Empires
Relationship to the people they ruled.
Romans were a minority in their empire.
Roman extended legal status, but they kept their identities.
Greek culture prestigious. It blended to a Greco-Roman tradition.
Chinese had non-Chinese assimilate (intermarriage)
Chinese culture did not have competition (Ex: Greek)
Language.