1. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of an organism* and the relationship of its parts Physiology – the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts *Organism – an individual, living thing

2. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro2 Levels of Structural Organization Atoms– Composed of subatomic (very tiny) particles: protons, electrons and neutrons which combine and form molecules. Molecules – 2 or more atoms bond together to form an organism which has characteristics different from the original atoms. Cell – smallest structural unit of living things Tissue – group of similar cells that perform a common function

3. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro3 Organ – group of 2 or more kinds of tissues organized so that they can perform a more complex function than can any tissue alone Organ system – group of many organs arranged in such a way that together they can perform a more complex function than they can alone

4. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro4 Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary system –Forms the covering of the outside of our body –Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails –Primary function is protection Skeletal system –Provides the framework for support and protection –Composed of bone, cartilage, ligaments, and joints –Primary function: formation of blood cells, storage areas for minerals

5. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro5 Organ Systems of the Body Muscular system –Composed of muscles and tendons –Produce movement and maintains posture –Generates heat Nervous system –Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves –Controls body functions –Provides communication and integration between body functions –Allows us to recognize sensory stimuli

6. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro6 Endocrine System –Composed of specialized glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the blood –Functions: communication, integration and control of the body Cardiovascular or Circulatory system –Composed of the heart and blood vessels –The heart pumps blood –Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body –Helps regulate body temperature by distributing heat throughout the body

7. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro7 Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic system –Composed of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, red bone marrow, thymus, tonsils, and spleen –Responsible for movement of fluids (liquids) and large molecules from the spaces around the cells –Responsible for movement of fat related nutrients from the digestive system back into the bloodstream –Responsible for the functioning of the immune system

8. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro8 Organ Systems of the Body Respiratory system –Composed of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs –Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Digestive system –Composed of the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus –Breaks down food into nutrients which body uses for essential functions –Eliminates undigested food residue as feces

9. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro9 Organ Systems of the Body Urinary system –Composed of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, and 1 urethra –Eliminates waste products from the body –Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

10. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro10 Organ Systems of the Body Male reproductive system –Composed of scrotum, testes, epididymus, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland, prostate gland, and penis –Ensures survival of the species –Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones –Ducts and glands transfer sperm to the female reproductive tract where fertilization can occur

11. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro11 Organ Systems of the Body Female reproductive system –Composed of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands –Function is the development, birth and nourishment of offspring –Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

12. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro12 Homeostasis and Survival Homeostasis is the term used to describe survival Survival depends on the body maintaining stability or relatively constant conditions within the body. Since the activities of cells and external disturbances are always threatening internal stability, the body needs to work to keep this state of constancy.

13. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro13 Negative and Positive Feedback Loops In order for the body to maintain or restore homeostasis, it uses a communication control system called a “feedback loop.” This “loop” constantly feeds information to the body so it can control its functioning to keep us well. Negative feedback loops oppose or negate a change in a controlled condition. –most control loops in the body are negative they reverse changes which have occurred so the body can return to normal.

14. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro14 Examples of negative feedback loops: –When our muscles use oxygen during exercise, our blood oxygen levels decrease. This is counteracted by increased breathing so the blood oxygen levels can return to normal after exercise. –When we drink a lot of water, the body will excrete (get rid of) a larger amount of urine in order to return the body to its normal fluid levels.

15. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro15 Positive feedback loops occur in the body but they are not common. Positive feedback loops are stimulatory; instead of opposing a change in the internal environment, they magnify the change that is taking place; they cause an increasing rate of events to happen until something stops the process. –Rapid increases in uterine contractions cause the birth of a baby –Sticking together of blood cells to form a clot

16. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro16 Anatomical Orientation of the Body Anatomical position: Standing posture with the arms at the side and the palms forward

17. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro17 Directional Terms Superior: toward the head; upper portion of the body Inferior: toward the feet; lower portion of the body Anterior: toward the front of the body Posterior: toward the back of the body Medial: toward the midline (middle) of the body Lateral: toward the side of the body, away from the midline

18. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro18 Proximal: toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the origin (beginning) of a body part Distal: away from or farthest from the trunk or origin of the body part Superficial: nearer the surface Deep: farther away from the body surface Divisions of the Body: Axial Region: head, neck and trunk Appendicular Region: upper and lower extremities

19. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro19 Body Planes Sagittal – divides the body into right and left sides –Midsagittal or medial plane– divides the body into 2 equal halves Frontal– divides the body into anterior and posterior portions Transverse – divides the body into upper and lower portions

20. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro20 BODY PLANES

21. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro21 Body Cavities The body is made up of open spaces, which we call cavities; these help us learn how the body is arranged. The 2 major cavities are called the dorsal and ventral cavities. The Dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial and spinal body cavities. –The Cranial cavity contains the brain –The Spinal cavity contains the spinal cord The Ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic (chest) cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.

22. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro22 Body Cavities The thoracic cavity is subdivided into the pleural cavity, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity –Pleural cavities – the right pleural cavity has the right lung, the left has the left lung –Mediastinum – contains the pericardial (heart) cavity, and the trachea

23. BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro23 Body Cavities The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity The abdominopelvic cavity is composed of two subdivisions –Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen –Pelvic cavity –contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum