1. The Electric Grid: Present and Future (the Smart Grid)
Magdy Salama
Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Waterloo
Nov. 20, 2018
Magdy Salama

2. Outline Smart Grid Definitions Smart Grids Main Concept
Legislative Definition of Smart Grid
Properties of Smart Grid
Smart Grids Main Challenges
Future Steps Needed for the Application of Smart Grid
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019
Magdy Salama

3. The Traditional Grid and the Smart Grid
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

4. The Smart Grid Magdy Salama 4/28/2019
BBCR Lab:
4/28/2019

5. Smart Grid Definitions: (short)
Smart Grid is increasingly seen as a means to facilitate climate friendly renewable energy sources (renewables) and to enable efficient use of electricity
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

6. Smart Grid Definitions: (short)
Smart grid is an outcome of an evolutionary development of the existing electricity networks towards an optimized and sustainable energy system.
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

7. The Smart Grid Evolution
EOLAS:
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

8. Smart Grid Definition Ontario Smart Grid Forum
A smart grid is a modern electric system.
It uses communications, sensors, automation and computers to improve the flexibility, security, reliability, efficiency, and safety of the electricity system.
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

9. Smart Grid Definition Ontario Smart Grid Forum
It offers consumers increased choice by facilitating opportunities to control their electricity use and respond to electricity price changes by adjusting their consumption
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

10. Smart Grid Definition Ontario Smart Grid Forum
A smart grid includes diverse and dispersed energy resources and accommodates electric vehicle charging.
Smart grid may be defined by its capabilities and operational characteristics rather than by the use of any particular technology
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

11. Components of the Smart Grid
BESCOM:
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

12. Summary #1 SG facilitates connection and integrated operation.
SG brings all elements of the electricity system – production, delivery and consumption closer together to improve overall system operation for the benefit of consumers and the environment.
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

13. Summary #1 SG is information rich.
SG has the analytic infrastructure, processes and trained individuals.
SG can act on information in the very short time frames required by the modern electricity system.
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

14. Summary #1
SG has clear standards, security protection and open architecture.
SG allows for continued innovation through the development and deployment of new technologies and applications by multiple suppliers.
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

15. Structure of the Smart Grid
Magdy Salama
Home Power::
4/28/2019

16. Smart Grids Main Concept
A “smart grid” will control and influence both production (all types of generations including distributed generations) and consumption (all type of loads including electric vehicles) to allow more of both to be integrated into the power system.
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

17. Smart Grid Videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwRTpWZReJk
U.S. Department of Energy, Published on Jun 4, 2013
NOVA SCIENCENOW (Smart Grid)
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

18. Energy Bill Requirements (DOE):
Use of digital information
Dynamic optimization
Distributed generations
Demand Management and efficiency
Development of smart technologies
Integration of smart applications
Advanced storage and peak shading
Timely information and control
Development of standards
Lowering barriers
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

19. Smart Grid City Magdy Salama 4/28/2019
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

20. Properties of Smart Grid
Informing customers
Integrating all generations and storage options
Enabling new products, services, and markets
Maintaining adequate power quality levels for the grid
Optimizing asset utilization and operating efficiently
Sustaining acceptable reliability through automated restoration (Self–Healing) and system reconfiguration
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

21. The Smart Grid Technology Control Intelligent systems Polices Social
Impacts
Economics
Environment
Technology
Control
Intelligent systems
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

22. Smart Grids Main Challenges
The increase in intermittent, non-predictable and non-dispatchable energy generation puts highest requirements on power balance control, from primary control through operational planning.

23. Intermittent, Non-predictable and Non-Dispatchable Energy Generation
Sratfor::
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

24. Smart Grids Main Challenges
The traditional control and communication system needs to be improved to accommodate for a high penetration of renewable energy sources
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

25. Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources
MOXA:
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

26. Smart Grids Main Challenges
In the traditional grid production capacity and consumption demand have been seen as independent of each other.
 So the traditional grid has been designed to cope with the maximum amount of production, and also with the maximum amount of consumption.

27. Smart Grids Main Challenges
This approach sets hard limits on both production and consumption. A “smart grid” will control and influence both production and consumption to allow more of both to be integrated into the power system.

28. Smart Grid Control and Operation https://www. clp. com
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

29. Smart Grids Main Challenges
To accomplish the SG goals, communication technology will be utilized to inform or encourage changes in production (i.e. generator units) and consumption (i.e. customers or devices) to maintain balance between production and consumption while at the same time optimizing energy efficiency, reliability and/or power quality
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

30. Communication In The Smart Grid
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

31. Summary # 2 The Traditional (Existing) Grid
Generation capacity is known and the generating facilities output are committed according to pre-set schedule (i.e. predictable, committed and dispatchable generations)
Demands are known and follow clearly defined and understood patterns.
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

32. Summary # 2 The New (Smart) Grid
A considerable portion of the generation capacity is unpredictable, intermittent and can’t be dispatched (renewable energy)
A large portion of the demand is unpredictable and nonstationary (electric vehicale)
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

33. Future Steps Needed for the Application of Smart Grid
Architectural related issues
Power systems related issues
Communication systems related issues
Control systems related issues
Intelligent systems related issues
Legislation related issues
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

34. Smart Grid VSG SaaS VPP PS ISS DIA PaaS ADCN CP ISH AT IaaS μGrid DSR
Architecture
Power System
Communication
Control IT
Legislation
VSG
VPP
ADCN
μGrid
ADN
SaaS
PaaS
IaaS
CIM
IEC TC 57
IEC SMB SG3
NIST
Microsoft SERA
IEEE P2030 PS CP
DSR
DER
ISS
ISH
CDI
IPS
DIA AT OT
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

35. Smart Grid VSG VPP ADCN μGrid ADN SaaS PaaS IaaS CIM PS CP DSR DER ISS
Architecture
Power System
Communication
Control IT
Legislation
VSG
VPP
ADCN
μGrid
ADN
SaaS
PaaS
IaaS
CIM
IEC TC 57
IEC SMB SG3
NIST
Microsoft SERA
IEEE P2030 PS CP
DSR
DER
ISS
ISH
CDI
IPS
DIA AT OT
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

36. Power System Distributed Energy Resources Demand Side Response
Component Performance
Demand Side Response
PS Analysis
Power Flow
Short circuit
Protection
Power quality
Reliability
Asset management
Risk management
Maintenance Management
Sensors and controllers
Time-of-use
Dynamic rates
Reliability programs
Demand side bidding
Combined heat and power
Small renewable
Energy storages
Flexible loads
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

37. Power System Distributed Energy Resources Demand Side Response
Component Performance
Demand Side Response
PS Analysis
Power Flow
Short circuit
Protection
Power quality
Reliability
Asset management
Risk management
Maintenance Management
Sensors and controllers
Time-of-use
Dynamic rates
Interruptible Load Management
Demand side bidding
Combined heat and power
Small renewable
Energy storages
Flexible loads
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

38. Power System (PS) Analysis
Reliability
Analysis
Short Circuit, Protection Coordination
Power Quality Analysis
Power Flow Analysis
Obstacles
MHLNM
ZIZOFBM
GridLAB
Obstacles
EMBSCM
DRM
B-DPC
SIPS
Obstacles
GCOM
THPM
Obstacles
RRES
RIASG
ORSG
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

39. Smart Grid VSG VPP ADCN μGrid ADN SaaS PaaS IaaS CIM PS CP DSR DER ISS
Architecture
Power System
Communication
Control IT
Legislation
VSG
VPP
ADCN
μGrid
ADN
SaaS
PaaS
IaaS
CIM
IEC TC 57
IEC SMB SG3
NIST
Microsoft SERA
IEEE P2030 PS CP
DSR
DER
ISS
ISH
CDI
IPS
DIA AT OT
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

40. Architecture Go to VSG: Virtual Smart Grid VPP: Virtual Power Plant
ADCN:
Active Demand in Consumer Networks
μGrid
Micro-Grids
AND:
Active Distribution Network
Go to
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

41. Architectural Related Issues
Some of the Smart Grid Architectures are:
Development of Virtual Smart Grid (VSG)
Development of Virtual Power Plant (VPP)
Development of Active Demand in Consumer Networks (ADCN)
Developing of Micro-Grids (μGrid)
Developing Active Distribution Network (ADN)
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

42. Development of Virtual Smart Grid (VSG)
It is based on Cloud Computing (CC)
Cloud Computing is about moving IT resources (Networking, Computing and Storage) services to a shared common platform.
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

43. Development of Virtual Smart Grid (VSG)
Cloud Computing consists of:
SaaS (software-as-a-service) for Internet-enabled application services (e.g., WebEx).
PaaS (platform-as-a-service) for remote hosted development environment (e.g. Google App)
IaaS (infrastructure-as-a-service) for On-demand computational and storage infrastructure (Amazon EC2)
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

44. Virtual Smart Grid (VSG)
The key idea in VSG is to virtualize the smart grid system itself, especially, the measurement and control system as virtualizable resources.
The virtualized SG resource will be integrated with the virtualized cloud resources to form a unified virtualization layer as the foundation of the proposed SG IaaS architecture
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

45. Virtual Smart Grid (VSG)
Conceptually, this solution decouples the SG applications from the underlying SG monitoring and communications physical infrastructure.
These applications, monitoring and controlling the generation, transmission and distribution of the electrical flows at different time and space scales, will share the same data and control infrastructure.
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

46. Virtual Smart Grid (VSG)
The proposed VSG architecture uniformly consolidates the SG resources and the cloud resources for SG applications that are normally owned by different entities.
This new architecture essentially realizes the system wide pervasive virtualization and embeds the whole SG system into a cloud environment.
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

47. Taken from: CISCO
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

48. Magdy Salama
Examples on some smartgrid related architectures, Taken from: International Energy Agency Demand Side Management Program, 2008
4/28/2019

49. Comparison of the concepts of the previous figure.
Taken from: International Energy Agency Demand Side Management Program, 2008
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

50. Smart Grid Architecture
Magdy Salama
Smart Grid Architecture
Taken from: Siemens Inc
4/28/2019

51. Future Steps Needed for the Application of Smart Grid
Architectural related issues
Power systems related issues
Communication systems related issues
Control systems related issues
Intelligent systems related issues
Legislation related issues
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

52. Power System Distributed Energy Resources Demand Side Response
Component Performance
Demand Side Response
PS Analysis
Power Flow *
Short circuit
Protection
Power quality
Reliability
Asset management
Risk management
Maintenance Management*
Sensors and controllers
Time-of-use*
Dynamic rates
Reliability programs
Demand side bidding
Combined heat and power
Small renewable*
Energy storages
Flexible loads
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

53. Smart Grid Example Video
MOSIMTEC (Smart Grid Simulation)
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

54. Conclusion Smart Grid is the grid of the future
It consists of power system, renewable energy sources, communication system, information technology, control, sensors and actuators.
New devices and equipment have to be developed to enable the smart grid implementation
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

55. Conclusion
Innovative solutions and techniques have to be developed to facilitate the operation of the smart grid.
Proper legislations have to be in place to ensure smooth deployment of the smart grid.
Smart grid has a long way to go before we can see its full benefits.
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

56. Thank You

57. Architecture VSG: Virtual Smart Grid VPP: Virtual Power Plant
ADCN: Active Demand in Consumer Networks
μGrid: Micro-Grids
AND: Active Distribution Network
Back
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

58. Power System PS: Power System Analysis
CP: Component Performance analysis
DSR: Demand Side Response Analysis
DER: Distributed Energy Resources Analysis
Back
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

59. Communication ISS: Information System Software
ISH: Information System Hardware Architecture
CDI: Conversion of Data to Information
IPS: Information Protocol Selection
Back
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

60. Control Systems DIA: Distributed Intelligent Agents Analysis
AT: Analytical Tools Development
OT: Optimization Tools
Back
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

61. Intelligent Systems
SaaS (software-as-a-service) for Internet- enabled application services (e.g., WebEx).
PaaS (platform-as-a-service) for remote hosted development environment (e.g. Google App)
IaaS (infrastructure-as-a-service) for On- demand computational and storage infrastructure (Amazon EC2)
CIM: Common Information Model
Back
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

62. Power Flow Analysis MHLNM: Move and Hold Ladder Network Method
ZIZOFBM: Zoom-in and Zoom-out Forward and Backward Method
GridLAB-D: Simulator (US Department of Energy and Pacific Northwest, National Laboratory)
Back
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

63. Short Circuit, Protection Coordination
EMBSCM: Equipment Model Based Short Circuit Method
DRM: Decentralized Restoration Method
B-DPC: Bi-direction protection coordination analysis
SIPS: System Integrity Protection Schemes
Back
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

64. Power Quality Analysis
GCOM: Graph Coloring Optimization Method for allocating power quality monitors
THPM: Total Harmonics Power Method for identifying the source of harmonic pollution
Back
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

65. Reliability Analysis RRES: Reliability of renewable energy sources.
RIASG: Reliability of the information architecture for the smart grid.
ORSG: Overall all reliability of the smart grid.
Back
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

66. Distribution Substation
Power System Analysis
ZIZOFBM: Zoom-in and Zoom-out Forward and Backward Method
Distribution Substation
3-Phase
Phase a
Phase b
Phase c
Switch

67. “Zooming” DLF Algorithm
Power System Analysis
ZIZOFBM: Zoom-in and Zoom-out Forward and Backward Method
“Zooming” DLF Algorithm
Identify the zoom-in bus
Locate the zone of interest
Calculate the equivalent base resistance and reactance for each lumped lateral.
Solve the DLF problem in the zone of interest using the Forward/Backward method.
In each iteration, calculate the equivalent load and losses for each lumped lateral.
Calculate nodal currents
Backward sweep (KCL)
Forward sweep (KVL)
Which is not the case in the proposed ZIZO-FBM..
Suppose we are interested if the DLF solution at this point..
This proposed method can actually zoom-in and solve the DLF of a reduced system by lumping the other parts of the system..
It is based on a simple concept, any part out of the reduced system can be lumped and expressed by an amount of power equal to the summation of the loads and line losses of this part..
Then, the same F/B analysis is applied on the reduced system with the equivalent lumped powers..

68. “Zooming” DLF Algorithm
Power System Analysis
ZIZOFBM: Zoom-in and Zoom-out Forward and Backward Method
“Zooming” DLF Algorithm
The question now is how the zooming algorithm can determine the zone of interest…
An automated building algorithm is used for constructing a Physical Connection Matrix for the system.
Changes in network topology are processed online using an automated building algorithm for the DLF problem.
Which is not the case in the proposed ZIZO-FBM..
Suppose we are interested if the DLF solution at this point..
This proposed method can actually zoom-in and solve the DLF of a reduced system by lumping the other parts of the system..
It is based on a simple concept, any part out of the reduced system can be lumped and expressed by an amount of power equal to the summation of the loads and line losses of this part..
Then, the same F/B analysis is applied on the reduced system with the equivalent lumped powers..
Back

69. Integrated Maintenance Scheduler (IMS)
Taken from: Power Systems Engineering Research Center, 2003
Back
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019

70. Time of Use (OEB) Effective May 1 through October 30 Back Effective
Ontario Energy Board (OEB)
Effective
May 1 through October 30
Effective
November 1 through April 30
Back

71. Structure of operation of DER Back
Taken from: International Energy Agency Demand Side Management Program, 2008
Back
Magdy Salama
4/28/2019