1. Human Reproduction

2. Are males & females all that different?
Battle of the sexes!!!
Are males & females all that different?
Well…….…..YES and NO

3. Same embryonic tissues becomes male or female reproductive organs.

4. Male or Female??? DNA determines baby’s gender
XX = Female
XY = Male
All humans are female by default
At ~ 7 weeks the baby’s body may be “told” by DNA to become male
SRY gene located on the Y chromosome

5. Anatomy - similar
Fetus begins with “starter parts” that could develop into either gender.
Same tissue – Same function
Testicles & Ovaries
Glands responsible for the production of sex hormones and gametes
Start out inside body the Testicles “descend” before birth
Vas Deferens & Oviduct
Passageway of gametes
Penis & Clitoris
Contain thousands of nerve ending to aid in sexual stimulation

6. Physiology – VERY different!
Female
Very Complicated!
Born with ~ 400,000 eggs
Uses ~500
Ovulation
1 egg “ripens” and is released once a month
Careful coordination of hormones & body
Support life
Male
Uncomplicated
Produce sperm
2-4 MILLION every day

7. SPERM + SEMINAL FLUID = SEMAN
Males
Bladder
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Urethra
Vas Deferens
Penis
Epididymis
Testes
Produce seminal fluid
Provides a medium for the sperms to swim
To activate and nourish the sperms
SPERM + SEMINAL FLUID = SEMAN
Prostate cancer – slow growing, surgical removal
Erected during copulation for insertion into vagina
Dilation of arterioles causes the erectile tissue of penis
become turgid
Semen is squeezed from the penis to the top of vagina
Produces male sex hormone
Produce 2-4 million sperm every day
Outside body – why?
Sperm like temps 1-2 cooler than body temp
Tube taking both urine and semen outside the body
Bulboureathral gland adds lubricant to aid travel of semen through the ureathra
Temporary storage of sperm
During copulation, muscle
contract to release sperm
Tube that carries sperm to the
seminial vesicle and prostate

8. Sperm Why a pH buffer? Why so many sperm? Semen contains
million sperm – 5%
Sperm food (fructose) – 30%
Alkaline fluid (pH buffer) – 65%
Why a pH buffer?
Why so many sperm?

9. What is sperm? Then… Now…Contains several parts Head Mitochondria
Used to think it was a tiny human inside each cell
Spermists vs. Ovists
Now…Contains several parts
Head
Contains chemicals to dissolve egg goo
Dad’s genetic information – one each of 44 autosomal chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome
Mitochondria
Energy
Contains mitochondrial DNA
from mother
Flagellum
“tail” used for locomotion

10. Females Ovary Oviduct Uterus Cervix Vagina
Allows for placenta to attachment
During embryo development it protects the embryo and provides a constant environment for the embryo to develop
During birth of baby it pushes the baby out by muscular contraction
Carries the ovum forward by the beating action of the cilia on its inner surface and the contraction of muscles of oviduct
For production of female gametes (ova/eggs)
For production of female sex hormones
Birth canal
Opening between the uterus and vagina

11. Menstrual Cycle All about timing!!!
Uterus must be ready when egg gets there in case it was fertilized
If no fertilization, tear down lining of uterus and rebuild for next month

12. Hormones Estrogen Ovaries
Drop in levels causes shedding of uterine lining
Increase in levels causes uterine lining to thicken
Progesterone Corpus litheum (ruptured follicle)
LH (leuteinizing hormone) Pituitary gland & hypothalamus
Stimulates release of mature egg from ovary
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) Pituitary gland
Acts on ovaries to mature the egg
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) Corpus litheum (ruptured follicle)
Produced if fertilization occurs
Stimulates continued secretion of progesterone

13. Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Occurs in the testes Occurs in the ovaries
Produces 4 hapoid cells
Produces 4 viable
spermatozoa
Motile – swim with tail
Production begins at
puberty
Production continues for
entire life
Occurs in the ovaries
Produces 4 hapoid cells
Produces 1 Ovum & 3
polar bodies
Nonmotile – moved by
currents
All eggs present at birth
Eggs mature from
puberty to menopause
Oogenesis

14. Birth Control Birth Control Pills Barrier Method
Use hormones to “Trick” body
into thinking it’s pregnant
No ovulation occurs
No ovulation = no egg = no fertilization = no baby!
No hormones taken for 7 days = menstruation
Barrier Method
Male and female condoms prevent sperm from entering the vagina
Diaphragm fitted over the cervix & along with use of spermacide to kill sperm
No sperms= no fertilization= no baby!

15. Birth Control Rhythm Method Surgical Sterilization
Prevent copulation 7 days before and 7 days after ovulation
Uses basal temperature as guide
Surgical Sterilization
Cut and tie the vas deferens prevents sperm from leaving testes
Cut and tie the oviducts prevents egg from leaving ovary and sperm from finding egg

16. Sexual Reproduction in Human
testis
ovary
meiosis
meiosis
sperms
eggs (ova)
fertilization
zygote
embryo
fetus