1. Commodore Matthew C. Perry

4. Goal
What were the impacts of Commodore Perry’s visit to Japan?

5. What Did the U. S. Want? Coaling stations. More trading partners.
A haven for ship-wrecked sailors.
Emperor wanted to keep foreigners out. Daimyo wanted war. Shogun decided on compromise: maintained the prohibition on trade but opened three ports (Nagasaki, Shimoda, Hakodate) to American whaling ships seeking provisions, guaranteed good treatment to shipwrecked American sailors, and allowed a United States consul to take up residence

6. The Treaty of Kanagawa - 1854
regarding each other as "barbarians" found a way to reach agreement. (treatment of shipwreked peoples)
end of Japan’s period of seclusion (1639–1854).
wo coaling ports for the Navy's new steamships and in protecting America's oil workers (the whalers).
It wasn't until 1858 that the U.S. Consul at last achieved Perry's final objective: establishing a commercial treaty.
The Kanagawa treaty was followed by the United States-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce, the "Harris Treaty" of 1858, which allowed the establishment of foreign concessions, extra-territoriality for foreigners, and minimal import taxes for foreign goods.

7. March 31, 1854
1. Peace and friendship between the United States and Japan.
2. Opening of two ports to American ships
3. Help for any American ships wrecked on the Japanese coast
and
protection for shipwrecked persons
4. Permission for American ships to buy supplies, coal, water, and
other necessary provisions in Japanese ports.

8. An Unequal Treaty? Convention of Kanagawa 1854 – diplomatic relations
Five years later – treaties with most European nations
Some Samurai deeply resented (hated) these “unequal” (unfair) treaties forced on Japan

9. Japan Learns a Lesson
In 1862, just before the start of the Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and scholars to China to study the situation there. A Japanese recorded in his diary from Shanghai…
The Chinese have become servants to the foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to China but in fact it's no more than a colony of Great Britain and France.

10. 1867 - Mutsuhito establishes a new Gov’t

11. Meiji Restoration 1868 -1912 Chronology
, “Warring States” - Transitional Era
1635, Shogunate forbids Japanese to travel overseas
1639, Portugese ships forbidden; Japan closed to outside world
1641, Dutch Trading Mission is moved to Nagasaki
, Tokugawa Period - Centralized Feudalism era
, Perry Mission to “open” Japan
1854, Japan concludes friendship treaties with U.S., Britain, France & Netherlands; three ports open to foreign trade
1868, Meiji Restoration
1877, Satsuma Rebellion
1881, Sale of government industries to new zaibatsau
1889, Meiji Constitution
1894-5,Sino-Japanese War, Japan becomes imperialist power
1904-5, Russo-Japanese War
1910, colonization of Korea
1912, emperor Meji dies

12. What was the Meiji Restoration?
See Meiji Charter Oath

13. 1st Meiji investigation of European and American institutions
Included Meiji government ministers
Sought info on technology, education, the army
Were very impressed with Germany and USA – increased pressure for modernisation
Iwakura Mission
Iwakura Tomomi is wearing traditional clothes

14. Feudalism Abolished Mass education based on American system
Samurai privileges abolished
Samurai cannot wear swords in public
Jobs open to all

15. The armed forces military conscription was introduced
Western experts were imported to create new railways, armies, fleets, and industries
Navy based on Britain’s
Army based on Germany’s

16. Politics: the constitution
An authoritarian constitution based on German model 1889, establishing the Diet (parliament)
Only 1% could vote
By 1871 the daimyo domains had been surrendered to the throne and turned into prefectures with governors
The first diet convenes 1890

18. Oligarchy: the Genro
Real power exercised by an informal Choshu and Satsuma oligarchy called the Genro
They controlled politics and big business
The Sat-Cho elite = oligarchs
The Emperor “reigned but did not rule” despite the constitution
There was reconciliation with Tokugawa loyalists, who were not executed after the Boshin war – many served in Meiji govts!

19. Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905

20. reinforce nationalism?
Shinto
How does Shintoism
reinforce nationalism?
This is a Buddhist monk – the basket hat allows him to be centred and undistracted by the world
Shinto unified the country – emphasised the sacred nature of Japan and worship of the Emperor. Suited the purposes of the patriots
Over 250 domains… what common culture,

21. Religion Shinto replaces Buddhism as the state religion Why?
This is a Buddhist monk – the basket hat allows him to be centred and undistracted by the world
Shinto unified the country – emphasised the sacred nature of Japan and worship of the Emperor. Suited the purposes of the patriots

22. Mitsubishi
Kawasaki
Economy: The Zaibatsu
Zaibatsu: family businesses with close links with the government and military
Diversified conglomerates
Eventually the big 4 dominated over 50% of stock exchange
Japan did not rely on foreign investment
Mitsui
Nissan

23. CAUSES> MEIJI RESTORATION> EFFECTS:
-SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC UNREST
-FOREIGN PRESSURE
-DAIMYO AND SAMURAI REVOLT
-STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
-BUSINESSES ADAPTED WESTERN METHODS
-LEADERS ENCOURAGED INDUSTRIALIZATION
-BUILT AND EMPIRE
-EXTENDED INFLUENCE IN KOREA
-CONFLICT WITH CHINA AND DEFEAT OF RUSSIA; EXPANSION OF INFLUENCE-IMPERIALISM OF EUROPEDCOPIED

24. Write a thesis statement in response to this question:
“The Meiji restoration in Japan was not a true revolution because ordinary people played little part in the process of change”
You have 10 minutes to reread your notes and write your thesis!