1. The Art of Public Speaking
Chapter 1

2. Importance of Public Speaking

3. Careers in Speech Communication
Public Relations Specialist
Sales Representative
Human Resources Specialist
Radio and Television Broadcaster
Radio and Television announcer
Editor
Speech Teacher
Advisor
Recruiter

4. History of Public Speaking
Aristotle: Father of rhetoric
The practice of public speaking to attain a goal by using persuasive tactics
It was not until the 5th century BCE roots of rhetoric were planted for it to become an art form by teachers, called Sophists (wisdom bearer).

5. According to Aristotle
Evidence in persuasive messages is most effective in the source’s
Ethos: Credibility
Pathos: Emotional appeal
Logos: logical appeal

6. 2 of the Most Notable Rhetoricians of Ancient Rome
Cicero ( BCE): believed that a well rounded education in the liberal arts would enable speakers to speak with knowledge and expressiveness.
Quintilian ( AD): was interested in preparing orators who spoke eloquently, exhibiting good moral character and ethics
(a good man speaking well).

7. Elements of Oratory According to Roman Rhetoricians

8. 19th Century Marked by Civil War
A number of notable speakers, politicians, abolitionists, women’s right activist used public speaking to promote their cause.
Declamation: speeches and orations of notable persons delivered by students.
Elocution: the expression of emotion in speeches through the use of gestures, movement, facial expressions, posture, and voice.

9. Mass Communication Definition
The transmission of a message using the media, such as the following:
radio
television
newspapers
magazines
Internet

10. Mass Communication Continued
Before mass communication, oratory was the means by which messages of state were disseminated.
Global village: A term coined by Wyndham Lewis in that the world has shrunk through advantages in communication thereby bringing everybody closer to each other.

11. The Communication Process
Claude Shannon of Bell Lab attempted to route the most telephone calls with the least distortion.
Warren Weaver: adopted the theory to human communication.
Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication recognizes seven elements that shape our communication.

12. 7 Basic Elements of Communication Process
1. Source (speaker): transmits ideas or information to the receiver
Encoding: t he development of information form the thoughts, feelings, or ideas in the mind of the source through the process of selection, formulation and organization.
Code: verbal or nonverbal symbols
2. Message: the information or ideas conveyed to the receiver
Decode: to be able to translate code into an understandable language

13. 7 Basic Elements of Communication Process Continued
3. Channel: the means by which the message is sent to the receiver
4. Receiver (Audience): whom the message is sent
5. Feedback: verbal and nonverbal response to a message

14. Transactional Nature of Communication

15. Public Speaking
Public speaking is the art, process, or act of effectively addressing the public to inform, persuade, or entertain them.
Types of Speeches
Informative speech: speech to educate an audience about a topic.
Persuasive speech: speech that attempts to sway the attitudes, beliefs or values of an audience.
Entertaining speech: speech making fun of people, institutions, or events to solicit humorous feedback.

16. Types of Communication
Two (2) Basic Types of Communication
Verbal communication: the practice of all varieties of speech and writing.
Nonverbal communication: facial expressions, body movements, gestures, and appearance that take place during the transmission and reception of messages.
Most communication, or as much as 65% of communication is nonverbal.

17. Various Forms of Communication
Intrapersonal communication: Communication with or within oneself
Interpersonal communication: communication with two or more people
Small group communication: communication with a small number of persons
Public Communication: delivery of a speech to an audience
Mass Communication: communication via media

18. Controlling Fear of Public Speaking
Fear of public speaking and the fear of death ranks #1 in most surveys asking people of their fears.
Communication apprehension: the fear of speaking to others
Communication anxiety is a universal phenomenon. Nervousness is quite common, even among seasoned politicians, actors, teachers, and others who engage in public speaking.

19. Ways Fear of Public Speaking May Manifest
1. Physical symptoms: include dry throat, nausea, increase in heart palpitation, sweating, changing colors, shaking of hands and/or legs, cold hands
2. Psychological symptoms: include avoiding eye contact with the audience, forgetting the speech, gazing at the floor, ceiling or other objects
3. Both Physical and psychological symptoms

20. Strategies to Reduce Fear
Know Your Environment
Know Your Audience
Know Your Speech
Learn to Relax
Visualize a Successful Speech

21. Strategies to Reduce Fear Con’t
Know that the Audience Wants you to Succeed
Do not Apologize for Your Apprehension
Concentrate on the message (not your fear)
Make your Nervousness Work for You
Gain Experience
Evaluate Yourself

22. Public Speaking and Conversations
Conversations: oral communication with members of your family, friends, and coworkers
Many of the principles of conversation also apply to public speaking inclusive of similarities and differences.

23. Similarities Between Conversations and Public Speaking
Some conversations are planned.
This planning of conversations involves carefully choosing the right words.
Public speaking involves much more planning from choosing a topic, to performing research and practicing delivery.

24. Differences Between Conversations and Public Speaking
Although many conversations are planned, most is spur-of-the- moment. Public speaking is different in that it is usually planned. Stick to the topic selected, researched and practiced.
Most conversations use informal language (slang, words, cliches and jargon).
Audiences expect speakers to use language that follows traditional standards of correctness.
Proximity: physical closeness may be absent during public speaking.
Back and forth exchange of messages in conversation is missing form public speaking.

25. Public Speaking in a Multicultural Environment
12% of the U. S. population is foreign born.
Mexico is the leading country of Origin.
Out of every 100 Americans
14 are Latinos
13 are African American
7 are Asians
Children of Immigrants are regularly bilingual.

26. Public Speaking in a Multicultural Environment Con’t

27. Tips for Avoiding Ethnocentrism (evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.)
Be sure tone is clear an appropriate for audiences of all backgrounds.
Use support material appropriate to a wide variety of listeners.
Use Visual aids to help overcome cultural and language barriers.
Be especially tuned to audience feedback for difficulties in understanding speech.